黑水河下游鱼类资源现状及其保护措施

为了解白鹤滩蓄水运行前黑水河下游鱼类资源的现状、受到的主要威胁及其保护措施,于2014年1~12月在黑水河下游干支流江段采用电捕法进行了渔获物调查。结果显示:12个月共调查发现鱼类28种,隶属于3目8科23属,其中喜流水生境、产粘沉性卵、以着生藻类或/和底栖动物为食物的鱼类种类较多;调查区域鱼类个体规格普遍较小,其中齐口裂腹鱼Schizothorax prenanti、短体副鳅Paracobitis potanini、红尾副鳅Paracobitis varigatus、短须裂腹鱼Schizothorax wangchiachii、前鳍高原鳅Triplophysa anterodorsalis、中华纹胸鮡Glyptothorax sinense和凹尾拟鲿Pseudobagrus emarginatus为调查区域的主要经济鱼类;上半年和下半年的渔获物结构在统计学上差异显著(R=0.81,p=0.1%0.05),鱼类在金沙江干流和黑水河下游之间的相互迁徙比较明显;CPUE呈现先波动下降然后逐月上升的趋势,其中10月份的CPUE最低;丰度生物量比较曲线显示2014年各月的渔获物结构均处于严重干扰状态。黑水河下游河道采砂以及过度捕捞是白鹤滩蓄水前影响黑水河下游鱼类资源的主要因素,建议通过控制采砂的江段、采砂的时间以及全面禁捕保护该区域的鱼类资源。     

机动车尾气对人体健康的危害

随着城市机动车保有量的不断增加,机动车尾气已经成为影响我国城市大气环境的主要问题之一。本文以儿童和交通警察两类人群为例,分析了机动车尾气污染给人体呼吸系统、免疫系统、心脑血管系统等造成的危害。结果表明,由于儿童的呼吸带与机动车尾气排放带非常接近,交警在机动车尾气环境中暴露事件太长,导致这两类人群的呼吸系统极易遭到破坏,发生支气管炎等疾病的概率大大增加;而免疫球蛋白水平和血压发生改变导致了抵抗能力的下降。最后建议通过采取发展公共交通、加强城市交通管理、完善检查维修制度等有效措施加强机动车尾气治理,减少对人体健康产生的危害。     

Heterogeneous UV/Fenton degradation of bisphenol A catalyzed by synergistic effects of FeCo2O4/TiO2/GO

A new method for bisphenol A (BPA) degradation in aqueous solution was developed. The characteristics of BPA degradation in a heterogeneous ultraviolet (UV)/Fenton reaction catalyzed by FeCo₂O₄/TiO₂/graphite oxide (GO) were studied. The properties of the synthesized catalysts were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and vibrating sample magnetometry. FeCo₂O₄ and TiO₂ were grown as spherical shape, rough surface, and relatively uniform on the surface of GO (FeCo₂O₄/TiO₂/GO). Batch tests were conducted to evaluate the effects of the initial pH, FeCo₂O₄/TiO₂/GO dosage, and H₂O₂ concentration on BPA degradation. In a system with 0.5 g L⁻¹ of FeCo₂O₄/TiO₂/GO and 10 mmol L⁻¹ of H₂O₂, approximately 90 % of BPA (20 mg L⁻¹) was degraded within 240 min of UV irradiation at pH 6.0. The reused FeCo₂O₄/TiO₂/GO catalyst retained its activity after three cycles, which indicates that it is stable and reusable. The heterogeneous UV/Fenton reaction catalyzed by FeCo₂O₄/TiO₂/GO is a promising advanced oxidation technology for treating wastewater that contains BPA.

     

The impact of methanogenesis on flow and transport in coarse sand

The effects of biofilm growth and methane gas generation on water flow in porous media were investigated in an anaerobic two-dimensional sand-filled cell. Inoculation of the lower portion of the cell with a methanogenic culture and addition of methanol to the bottom of the cell led to biomass growth and formation of a gas phase. Biomass distributions in the water and on the sand in the cell were measured by protein analysis. The biofilm distribution on sand was observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The formation, migration, distribution and saturation of gases in the cell were visualized by the charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. The effects of biofilm and gas generation on water flow were separated by performing one tracer test in the presence of both biofilm and a gas phase and a second tracer test after removal of the gas phase through water flushing. The results of tracer tests demonstrated that flow and transport in the two-dimensional cell were significantly affected by both gas generation and biofilm growth. Gas generated at the bottom of the cell in the biologically active zone moved upwards in discrete fingers, so that gas phase saturations (gas-filled fraction of void space) in the biologically active zone at the bottom of the cell did not exceed 40-50%, while gas accumulation at the top of the cell produced gas phase saturations as high as 80%. The greatest reductions in water phase permeability, based on measurements of reductions in water phase saturations, occurred near the top of the box as a result of the gas accumulation. In contrast the greatest reductions in permeability due to biofilm growth, based on measurements of biofilm thickness, occurred in the most biologically active zone at the bottom of the cell, where gas phase saturations were approximately 40-50%, but permeability reductions due to biofilm growth were estimated to be 80-95%.     

Ag/Cu合金触点废料回收铜粉的工艺研究

Ag/Cu合金触点废料含Ag量在30%(质量分数)以上,含Cu量在60%(质量分数)以上、含Sn量在2%(质量分数)以上.先将Ag/Cu合金触点废料中的Cu分离,然后采用葡萄糖预还原、水合肼再还原制得了粒径在0.3～O.6 pm的类球形超细铜粉(纯度≥99.9%).研究表明,适量聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)的加入有助于超细铜粉粒径均匀且形貌趋于一致;量佳反应温度为70℃;抗氧化剂苯并三氮唑可以有效防止超细铜粉的表面氧化.     

苏州市工业用地地表径流污染特性研究

对苏州新区枫桥工业园湘江路段的10场有效降雨事件的地表径流污染特性进行了研究.研究表明.地表径流水质参数COD、SS、NH3-N、TN、TP均服从对数正态分布,在95%置信水平下,SS与COD、TP、TN之问存在线性相关性(R=0.45～0.72).统计了污染物事件平均浓度(EMC),COD、SS、NH3-N、TN、TP的EMC中值分别为213、491、2.65、5.19、1.07 mg/L,相对应的单位面积污染物负荷分别为1 898、4 375、24、46、10 kg/(hm2·a).与韩国Chongju工业区和上海市相比,SS负荷高是苏州新区枫桥工业园地表径流水质的主要特点,削减SS负荷对控制其非点源污染具有重要意义.     

Incorporating layer- and local-scale heterogeneities in numerical simulation of unsaturated flow and tracer transport

This study characterizes layer- and local-scale heterogeneities in hydraulic parameters (i.e., matrix permeability and porosity) and investigates the relative effect of layer- and local-scale heterogeneities on the uncertainty assessment of unsaturated flow and tracer transport in the unsaturated zone of Yucca Mountain, USA. The layer-scale heterogeneity is specific to hydrogeologic layers with layerwise properties, while the local-scale heterogeneity refers to the spatial variation of hydraulic properties within a layer. A Monte Carlo method is used to estimate mean, variance, and 5th, and 95th percentiles for the quantities of interest (e.g., matrix saturation and normalized cumulative mass arrival). Model simulations of unsaturated flow are evaluated by comparing the simulated and observed matrix saturations. Local-scale heterogeneity is examined by comparing the results of this study with those of the previous study that only considers layer-scale heterogeneity. We find that local-scale heterogeneity significantly increases predictive uncertainty in the percolation fluxes and tracer plumes, whereas the mean predictions are only slightly affected by the local-scale heterogeneity. The mean travel time of the conservative and reactive tracers to the water table in the early stage increases significantly due to the local-scale heterogeneity, while the influence of local-scale heterogeneity on travel time gradually decreases over time. Layer-scale heterogeneity is more important than local-scale heterogeneity for simulating overall tracer travel time, suggesting that it would be more cost-effective to reduce the layer-scale parameter uncertainty in order to reduce predictive uncertainty in tracer transport.     

微生物絮凝剂改善城市污水厂浓缩污泥脱水性能的研究

采用酱油曲霉(Aspergillus sojae)产生的微生物絮凝剂(MBF)作为污泥絮凝脱水剂,对城市污水处理厂浓缩污泥进行调理,确定该絮凝剂对浓缩污泥脱水的处理工艺参数为：微生物絮凝液最佳投加体积为6%～8%（体积比）,发挥絮凝作用的最适污泥温度为28～32℃,最适pH为6～7。经微生物絮凝剂调理的污泥在3 000 r/min离心9 min,污泥脱水率高达82.7%,滤饼含水率降低至77.3%,污泥脱水后体积减至原来的1/5左右。     

竹林土壤中甲基对硫磷降解菌的降解效果及其与土壤物理特性的关系

采用实验室控制试验研究了甲基对硫磷降解菌在竹林土壤生态系统中的降解效果及其与土壤物理特性的关系。试验结果表明,邻单胞菌（DLL-1）具有高效性,甲基对硫磷初始浓度为15 mg/kg干土,第5 d竹林土壤上、中和下层的降解率分别为88.6%、85.9%和79.2%,相应的半衰期为2.5、2.84与3.79 d。甲基对硫磷在土壤中的不同粒径范围吸附情况是不同的,从而影响DLL-1菌的降解效果,表现为土壤中粘粒含量与降解率呈显著正相关。孔隙度也是影响降解效果的一个因素,上中下3层的降解率随着孔隙度的减小而降低。     

污染防治设施社会化运营模式及其对区域环境与经济协调发展的影响

针对城市化进程加快引发的一系列环境污染问题,指出了加快污染防治设施社会化运营的必要性,并从污染治理设施的种类、污染治理设施的社会化运营分析和运作模式三方面论述了如何进行污染治理设施的社会化运营,从经济发展、污染防治设施运行、引入竞争机制等方面概述了污染防治设施社会化运营对区域环境与经济协调发展的影响。