天然黏土材料附着纳米TiO2对 电解锰渣中锰的吸附固定

采用机械球磨法对膨润土、硅藻土、高岭土3种天然黏土材料进行预处理,通过超声法将纳米TiO_2附着于其上制得复合材料,考察了不同复合材料加入量及养护时间条件下复合材料对电解锰渣中Mn的吸附固定效果。3种天然黏土材料中,硅藻土的平均粒径最小,比表面积和总孔隙度最大,对水中Mn的吸附量也最大。黏土材料附着纳米TiO_2后对电解锰渣中Mn的吸附固定效果较单纯黏土材料有明显改善。在养护时间为12 d、硅藻土附着纳米Ti O_2复合材料加入量为10%(w)的最佳条件下,Mn的TCLP浸出量较原电解锰渣下降了83.04%。     

废水生化处理出水吸收SO2过程相平衡关系的确定

应用相平衡理论对吸收液－ＳＯ２体系的相平衡关系进行了系统研究,确定了吸收相平衡的数学模型,并通过试验对数学模型进行了验证,结果表明,数学模型计算值与试验实测值基本吻合。     

测定单个粒子的薄膜法及其应用

本文介绍改进后的薄膜法,主要是形态分析法和复合薄膜法。它们都是基于粒子和薄膜反应生成物的形态特征通过电镜来确定粒子成分的。前者可以检测单个酸性粒子,检出下限为７ ×１０－ １９ｇ;后者能同时检出一个粒子中所含的ＮＯ－３ 和ＳＯ２ －４ ,检出下限分别为３ ×１０－ １５ｇ 和７ ×１０－ １８ｇ。利用该方法对广州大气粒子进行了观察,结果表明改进后的薄膜法完全适用于对单个粒子的观察和测定。     

南水北调中线工程对汉江中下游工业发展的影响

南水北调中线工程计划从丹江口水库向我国北方每年调水１４５亿ｍ＾３,汉江丹江口以下地区的水资源量将随之相应减少。汉江中下游地区是湖北省盐化工、机械、石油、食品、化肥、电力的重要生产地区,是湖北省的汽车工业走廊,其经济在湖北省占有举足轻重的地位。由于经济的迅速发展,下世纪工农业生产和人民生活对水资源的需求将从现在的１４０亿ｍ＾３增加到２５０亿ｍ＾３以上,需水量将达到水资源量的５８％,潜伏着严重的水资源     

三峡库区山地可持续农业发展的问题与对策

三峡库区山地农业的发展与三峡工程的命运休戚相关。本文在详细分析库区山地可持续农业发展的主要制约因素的基础上,提出了库区山地可持续农业发展的主要途径     

基于遥感与GIS的土地利用动态变化研究

土地是人类社会经济活动的载体；土地利用是指人类对作为生产生活资料的土地的利用方式和强度；而土地利用动态变化则反映了土地利用方式的发展变化趋势。土地利用动态变化在数量，方式，强度，结构和趋势等方面存在很大的差异。全面，客观地反映土地利用动态变化有利于正确认识当前土地利用中合理和不合理的利用方式，为制定长期，可持续发展的土地管理和土地规划提供依据。遥感技术提供巨大而丰富的信息源，GIS技术具有强大的数据处理，空间分析等功能，二者的结合有着传统方式无法比拟的优越性，具有周期短，效率高，费用低等特点，在土地利用变化监测中发挥着巨大的作用。制定详细的技术手段，对重庆市15年间的土地利用及其动态变化在时间序列和空间序列上加以分析，阐明这种变化的外在表象，即耕地，林地的减少和城镇用地的增加；同时分析这种变化的内在驱动力主要为自然环境（坡度，高程，土壤等）和人文要素（经济条件与人口压力等）。为国土资源的有效可持续利用提供决策依据。     

Increase in biodegradation of dimethyl phthalate by Closterium lunula using inorganic carbon

The effect and mechanism of inorganic carbon (IC) on the biodegradation of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) by a green microalga Closterium lunula was investigated. The growth of this microalga and the biodegradation of DMP were significantly enhanced when the initial IC was increased. An intermediate product of DMP biodegradation was identified as phthalic acid (PA) that was accumulated and caused a sharp decrease in pH of microalgal culture medium, which inhibited both the growth of microalga and the biodegradation of DMP. A suggested second-order kinetic equation of organic pollutant biodegradation by microalgae (-dC/dt = kNr) fitted well with the experimental data. The increase of IC caused a decline in biodegradation rate constant for organic carbon (k) and an increase in growth (N) by supplying a favorite carbon source and mitigating the decrease of pH. As the net effect, the overall biodegradation rate of DMP was promoted as IC increased, which was dominated by the increase of microalgal growth.     

Comparison of Four <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sesbania</Emphasis> Species to Remediate Pb/Zn and Cu Mine Tailings

A 6-month greenhouse pot trial was performed, aimed at screening appropriate Sesbania species for remediation of Pb/Zn and Cu mine tailings. Performances of young seedlings of four Sesbania species (S. cannabina, S. grandiflora, S. rostrata, and S. sesban) were compared with and without inoculation of rhizobia. Seedlings were planted in two types of tailings amended with garden soil or garden soil mixed with river sediment. The results indicated that inoculated plants generally produced a higher biomass than samples without inoculation. Pb/Zn mine tailings containing rather high concentrations of total and water-soluble Cu, Pb, and Zn were toxic to plant growth compared with Cu mine tailings, according to the growth performance of the four species. Sesbania sesban and S. rostrata showed superior growth performance, compared to the other two species. Thus, they can serve as pioneer species to modify the barren environment, by providing organic matter and essential nutrients such as nitrogen, upon decomposition, in a relatively short period of time. This is especially true for S. rostrata, which is an annual plant that forms both stem and root nodules. However, a longer-term field trial should be conducted to investigate if superior species can beneficially modify the habitat for the growth of subsequent plant communities.     

Molecular mechanisms of nickel carcinogenesis: gene silencing by nickel delivery to the nucleus and gene activation/inactivation by nickel-induced cell signaling

We have summarized the molecular and cellular events involved in nickel (Ni) compound induced carcinogenesis. The major hypothesis for nickel carcinogenic action has involved the ability of the Ni compound to deliver high concentrations of Ni intracellularly, enter the nucleus and interact with chromatin. Ni has been found to selectively damage heterochromatin, and a major action of Ni is its ability to silence the expression of genes located near heterochromatin by inducing a loss of histone H4 and H3 acetylation and DNA hypermethylation. When Ni silences critical genes, such as tumor suppressor genes, the cell is altered to a greater state of neoplastic transformation. The carcinogenic hazard of Ni compounds has been directly related to the ability of that Ni compound to raise the intracellular Ni ions. The mechanisms of Ni-induced gene silencing will be discussed. However, recently it has been found that soluble Ni ions can interact with the cell surface receptors and activate cell signaling resulting in the induction of a variety of cellular genes. In particular, the Ca and hypoxia inducible factor pathway is activated in all cells exposed to soluble Ni ions. In the case of HIF-1 induction, a cell is now equipped with the expression of a variety of genes that will allow the cell to survive the lack of oxygen and thus should enable a previously initiated cancer cell to progress into a full malignant state and metastasize. These new findings support the view that soluble Ni ions exhibit carcinogenic potential by activating cell promotion and lend strength to the epidemiological data showing soluble Ni to be associated with cancer risk in Ni refinery workers.     

Genetic consequences of radioactive contamination by the Chernobyl fallout to agricultural crops

The genetic consequences of radioactive contamination by the fallout to agricultural crops after the accident at the Chernobyl NPP in 1986 have been studied. In the first, acute, period of this accident, when the absorbed dose was primarily due to external beta- and gamma-irradiation, the radiation injury of agricultural crops, according to the basic cytogenetic tests, resembled the effect produced by acute gamma-irradiation at comparable doses. The yield of cytogenetic damage in leaf meristem of plants grown in the 10-km zone of the ChNPP in 1987-1989 (the period of chronic, lower level radiation exposure) was shown to be enhanced and dependent on the level of radioactive contamination. The rate of decline with time in cytogenetic damage induced by chronic exposure lagged considerably behind that of the radiation exposure. Analysis of genetic variability in three sequential generations of rye and wheat revealed increased cytogenetic damage in plants exposed to chronic irradiation during the 2nd and 3rd years.