青藏高原天山报春高寒湿地种群的花期资源分配

研究了青藏高原东部海北高寒湿地植物天山报春的花期资源分配.有性繁殖的天山报春根系投资较低(22.6%),地上投资大约是地下投资的4倍,花期繁殖投资占20.8%,具有相对较大的地上投资.天山报春对繁殖、茎叶和根系的绝对投资和相对投资均具有极为明显的个体效应,绝对投资和茎叶的相对投资均随着个体大小线性增加,而繁殖和根系的相对投资线性降低.天山报春各器官间资源的绝对投资均表现为相关生长,相对资源分配均为负相关,在繁殖和营养、繁殖和根系以及繁殖和茎叶器官间都表现为权衡关系,但在茎叶和根系间不为权衡关系.和资源分配一致,天山报春的繁殖适合度存在明显的个体大小依赖性.结合影响植物资源分配的各因素,探讨了个体效应在解释资源分配中的重要意义.     

Pesticide wastewater treatment using the combination of the microbial electrolysis desalination and chemical-production cell and Fenton process

• MEDCC combined with Fenton process was developed to treat real pesticide wastewater. • Pesticide removal was attributable to desalination in the MEDCC. • High COD removal was attributable to organic distributions in different chambers. The combination of the microbial electrolysis desalination and chemical-production cell (MEDCC) and Fenton process for the pesticide wastewater treatment was investigate in this study. Real wastewater with several toxic pesticides, 1633 mg/L COD, and 200 in chromaticity was used for the investigation. Results showed that desalination in the desalination chamber of MEDCC reached 78%. Organics with low molecular weights in the desalination chamber could be removed from the desalination chamber, resulting in 28% and 23% of the total COD in the acid-production and cathode chambers, respectively. The desalination in the desalination chamber and organic transfer contributed to removal of pesticides (e.g., triadimefon), which could not be removed with other methods, and of the organics with low molecular weights. The COD in the effluent of the MEDCC combined the Fenton process was much lower than that in the perixo-coagulaiton process (<150 vs. 555 mg/L). The combined method consumed much less energy and acid for the pH adjustment than that the Fenton.     

Occurrence and removal of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in wastewater treatment plants in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, Chongqing, China

Concentrations of six endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), bisphenol A (BPA), estrone (E(1)), 17β-estradiol (E(2)), estriol (E(3)), 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE(2)) and diethylstilbestrol (DES), were assessed in influents, effluents and excess sludge in ten municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) area, Chongqing, China. Three types of activated sludge treatment processes, oxidation ditch (OD), reversed anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (rA(2)/O) technology and sequential batch reactor (SBR), were used in the surveyed WWTPs. These WWTPs were all combined landfill leachate-sewage treatment plants. All analytes were extracted by solid-phase extraction (SPE) in the dissolved phase and by accelerated solvent-based extraction (ASE) in sludge. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed for the analysis of EDCs. Among these EDCs, BPA was the most frequently detected and abundant compound (100.0-10566.7 ng L(-1), 15.5-1210.7 ng L(-1) and 85.0-2470.4 ng g(-1) with respect to the influents, effluents and excess sludge samples). The greatest levels of steroidal estrogens in municipal influents were observed in E(3) which were all >100 ng L(-1), followed by E(1) (42.2-110.7 ng L(-1)) and E(2) (7.4-32.7 ng L(-1)), and in the effluents and sludge were E(1) > E(3) > E(2) which were all <31 ng L(-1) and 105 ng g(-1), respectively. Regarding synthetic estrogens, EE(2) was frequently detected in the influents, occurring below 50 ng L(-1), while DES was not detected at all. A high correlation coefficient was observed between the leachate-sludge ratio and concentrations of influent EDCs, and it was statistically significant (i.e., R > 0.65, P < 0.05), but removal efficiency of the EDCs did not show significant differences with OD, rA(2)/O and SBR processes. Furthermore, modification of treatment technology as well as operational parameters, such as hydraulic retention time (HRT), sludge retention time (SRT) and disinfection process (DP), were recommended to further eliminate the residual EDCs.     

二氯甲烷萃取与气相色谱—质谱结合新方法测定饮用水源地水中的苦味酸

为建立饮用水源地中苦味酸分析测定的新方法,将10 ml水样中的苦味酸氯化后,以二氯甲烷萃取,用气相色谱—质谱法(GC—MSD)测定水中苦味酸的含量,采用保留时间定性,外标法定量。结果表明,最佳萃取时间为4 min,最佳萃取剂用量为1.5 ml,该法能快速而有效的提取并测定水中苦味酸,检出限低(0.4μg/L)、精密度(RSD=1.8%)和准确度高(加标回收率93.16%)、标准曲线线性(r=0.999)较好,能满足饮用水源地水中苦味酸的测定要求。     

固相萃取-GC/MS法测定水中16种有机氯农药

采用HLB固相萃取柱富集水样,乙酸乙酯溶剂洗脱,加入氘代菲作为内标,利用气相色谱/质谱联用法选择离子模式测定水中16种有机氯农药,优化了固相萃取条件。16种有机氯农药在5.00μg/L~250μg/L范围内线性良好,按1 L水样计算,方法最低检出限为1.4 ng/L~19.4 ng/L,相对标准偏差为3.5%~20.0%,平均加标回收率为44.7%~119%。     

浅论环境监测数据的综合分析方法

准确、可靠、可比的环境监测数据是环境科学研究工作的基础,是环境管理的依据。在第一时间判断出监测分析数据是否合理的基础上,再对监测分析的数据作进一步的分析评价,是整个数据综合分析的基础,为进一步综合分析数据提供了依据。本文通过分析几种常用的监测数据的分析方法,说明对监测数据进行综合分析是至关重要的。     

化工生产过程中活性危害识别

讨论了化工生产过程中活性危害的基本概念、识别方法和步骤,并以苯胺生产装置为例,利用文中提出的方法和程序进行活性危害识别.     

甘油投加对餐厨垃圾厌氧产酸性能的影响

餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产生的挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）可以作为合成聚羟基脂肪酸酯（PHA）的底物,PHA的性能与VFAs的组成密切相关.为改善PHA产品的性能,本文研究了甘油投加对餐厨垃圾产酸性能的影响.在餐厨垃圾厌氧消化半连续流反应器运行稳定的基础上,探讨了不同C/N对厌氧发酵有机物转化及VFAs产量和组成的影响.结果表明,投加甘油会降低发酵体系的pH,提高VFAs的产量,相比于对照组,C/N比为25/1时,VFAs产量提高了10.3%.C/N10.69/1（对照组）、15/1、20/1和25/1时,发酵液奇数碳VFAs所占总VFAs的比例分别为54.23%、61.16%、64.78%和66.79%.甘油的投加可以提升丙酸、戊酸等奇数碳VFAs所占比例,有利于改善PHA产品性能.     

四氟硼酸化1-烷基—3-甲基咪唑离子液体对小鼠的急性经口毒性

采用寇式改良法研究了四氟硼酸化1-烷基—3-甲基咪唑离子液体对小鼠的急性毒性,考察了烷基侧链长度对毒性的影响,同时采用HE染色法观察了离子液体对小鼠胃、小肠、大肠、肝和肾组织的损害.结果表明,4种离子液体([Cnmim] BF4,n=10、12、14、18)对小鼠的肠、肝、肾等组织均有损伤,其LD50值在56.16 ～214.18 mg·kg-1之间,为中等毒性.四氟硼酸化1-烷基—3-甲基咪唑离子液体对小鼠的急性毒性与烷基侧链长度有关,当碳链长度为14时,毒性最强.     

实施环境标志标准对建筑、建材行业节能减排促进作用

以中国环境标志建筑、建材标准为研究对象,介绍了中国环境标志的定义及其标准遵循的原则,介绍了环境保护部发布的环境标志标准HJ/T351-2007《生态住宅(住区)》、HJ/T296-2006《卫生陶瓷》、HJ/T297-2006《陶瓷砖》和HJ/T412-2007《预拌混凝土》的主要内容,分析了实施上述标准对建筑、建材行业节能减排的促进作用。