全氟辛烷磺酸的紫外光降解及降解机理

为优化全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)的紫外光降解条件及探明其降解机理,研究了PFOS在暗反应(Dark)、暗反应/碘化钾体系(Dark/KI)、紫外(UV)、紫外/碘化钾体系(UV/KI)、真空紫外(VUV)及真空紫外/碘化钾体系(VUV/KI)6种反应条件下的降解效果;在VUV/KI体系下,以单因素分析法研究了PFOS初始浓度、pH、KI添加量对PFOS降解效果的影响;通过中间产物分析提出PFOS在紫外光下的降解机理与路径. 结果表明:①在Dark、Dark/KI体系下,PFOS均不会降解;在UV、UV/KI、VUV体系下,PFOS降解率均低于30%;在VUV/KI体系下,初始浓度为200 μg/L、KI添加量为2 mmol/L,PFOS的8 h降解率可达70%. ②降低PFOS的初始浓度、提高pH、增加KI添加量均有助于PFOS的降解. ③轨道阱液质联用仪共鉴定出全氟辛酸(PFOA)、全氟丁酸(PFBA)、五氟乙烷磺酸(PFEtS)、五氟丙酸甲酯(MPFA)、三氟乙酸甲酯(MTFA)和三氟乙酸(TFA)等6种中间产物,PFOS的降解过程包括脱磺酸基团以及脱碳碳键反应. 研究显示,水合电子是PFOS紫外光降解过程中的主要活性因子,VUV/KI反应体系可有效去除PFOS,降解路径及降解机理的分析可为其他全氟化合物的紫外光降解提供参考.      

基于复杂网络的中国臭氧拓扑特征

伴随着颗粒物浓度的快速下降,大气臭氧（O₃）污染呈快速上升和蔓延态势,已成为制约我国空气质量持续改善的瓶颈问题之一.因此,理清O₃浓度变化特征对于改善空气质量有重要意义.应用复杂网络方法,基于城市间O₃浓度的相关关系和其时滞,构建中国O₃浓度网络,并分析O₃浓度的关联结果和传输特征.结果表明,统计指标度、加权度和连边长度的概率密度函数遵循幂律分布,这说明O₃浓度的变化不是随机的,存在一定的规律性.加权度的空间分布分析表明,加权度的高值集中在京津冀和周边地区,与O₃浓度高值区分布一致.其中,北京、天津和河北东部（渤海湾沿线）城市向其他城市传输的能力较强.并且,冬季传输能力强于其它季节,主要是受到冬季风的影响.研究结果不仅有助于理解O₃浓度变化特征,也是复杂网络方法应用到大气环境中的有益尝试.     

DNA宏条形码（metabarcoding）技术在浮游植物群落监测研究中的应用

保护生物多样性和生态系统健康是维持生态系统功能和实现人类可持续发展的必要条件。浮游植物作为水生生态系统的初级生产者发挥着重要的生态功能,同时有毒藻类的爆发也会威胁水生态安全。然而,基于形态学的物种鉴定方法难以满足日益增长的水生态环境监测的需求。DNA条形码技术利用基因组特定基因上、短的DNA序列来鉴别生物物种,目前已广泛用于快速物种鉴别。然而其在水生生态系统浮游植物群落的监测中才刚刚起步。由于浮游植物物种多样性高,单基因DNA条形码往往不足以识别所有浮游植物种类;近年来,采用多基因条形码、全叶绿体基因组序列的超级条形码,以及特定DNA条形码方法在单物种和群落水平上区分浮游植物种类的潜力很大。本文综述了浮游植物DNA条形码技术在物种鉴别研究方面的进展,以及DNA宏条形码技术（DNA metabarcoding）在水生浮游植物环境监测的应用现状及前景。     

Improvement of nitrification efficiency by bioaugmentation in sequencing batch reactors at low temperature

Bioaugmentation is an effective method of treating municipal wastewater with high ammonia concentration in sequencing batch reactors （SBRs） at low temperature （10℃）. The cold-adapted ammonia- and nitrite- oxidizing bacteria were enriched and inoculated, respectively, in the bioaugmentation systems. In synthetic wastewater treatment systems, the average NH4＋-N removal efficiency in the bioaugmented system （85%） was much higher than that in the unbioaugmented system. The effluent NH4＋ -N concentration of the bioaugmented system was stably below 8 mg. L1 after 20 d operation. In municipal wastewater systems with bioaugmentation, the effluent NH4＋- -N concentration was below 8 mg·L^-1 after 15 d operation. The average NH4＋ -N removal efficiency in unbioaugmentation system （about 82%） was lower compared with that in the bioaugmentation system. By inoculating the cold-adapted nitrite-oxidizing bacteria （NOB） into the SBRs after 10 d operation, the nitrite concentration decreased rapidly, reducing the NO2 -N accumulation effectively at low temperature. The func- tional microorganisms were identified by PCR-DGGE, including uncultured Dechloromonas sp., uncultured Nitrospira sp., Clostridium sp. and uncultured Thauera sp. The results suggested that the cold-adapted microbial agent of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria （AOB） and NOB could accelerate the start-up and promote achieving the stable operation of the low-temperature SBRs for nitrification.     

云南省农用地土壤生态环境基准与质量标准建立的思考及建议

自2016年《土壤污染防治行动计划》颁布以来,土壤环境质量问题受到广泛关注.农用地土壤环境状况直接关系到农产品质量安全、生态安全和人体健康,亟需制定农用地土壤环境质量标准及各地方标准.为满足云南省高原特色农业的可持续发展,制定更适用于当地的农用地土壤环境质量标准,需全面分析我国农用地土壤环境质量标准的不足和国内外农用地...     

DNA宏条形码(metabarcoding)技术在浮游植物群落监测研究中的应用

保护生物多样性和生态系统健康是维持生态系统功能和实现人类可持续发展的必要条件。浮游植物作为水生生态系统的初级生产者发挥着重要的生态功能,同时有毒藻类的爆发也会威胁水生态安全。然而,基于形态学的物种鉴定方法难以满足日益增长的水生态环境监测的需求。DNA条形码技术利用基因组特定基因的DNA序列来鉴别生物物种,目前已被广泛用于快速物种鉴别。然而其在水生生态系统浮游植物群落的监测中才刚刚起步。由于浮游植物物种多样性高,单基因DNA条形码往往难以识别所有浮游植物种类;近年来,采用多基因条形码、全叶绿体基因组序列的超级条形码,以及特定DNA条形码方法在浮游植物种类鉴别中有很大潜力。本文综述了浮游植物DNA条形码技术在物种鉴别研究方面的进展,以及DNA宏条形码技术(DNA metabarcoding)在水生浮游植物环境监测的应用现状及前景。     

耐酸厌氧消化污泥处理餐厨垃圾简

采用耐酸驯化的厌氧消化污泥处理餐厨垃圾,在酸性条件下（pH=4.5）,对实验装置容积负荷从1.0 kg VS/（m³·d）分9次逐级增加到5.0 kg VS/（m³·d）的过程进行了跟踪监测,并较深入地研究了驯化污泥代谢活性和处理效果。实验结果表明,pH 4.5的耐酸厌氧消化污泥,最佳投加负荷约为4.5 kg VS/（m³·d）,此负荷下容积产气率,CH₄含量平均值均达最大,分别为1.68 m³/（m³·d）,75.0%。耐酸厌氧消化装置持续增料运行46 d,产甲烷菌仍能保持较高的活性,其COD去除率范围为40.4%~75.0%,仍能保持pH 7.2时处理效果的65.0%~91.8%,表明在低pH、低碱度下实现稳定的产甲烷过程是可行的。     

Integrating functional connectivity and fire management for better conservation outcomes

Globally, the mean abundance of terrestrial animals has fallen by 50% since 1970, and populations face ongoing threats associated with habitat loss, fragmentation, climate change, and disturbance. Climate change can influence the quality of remaining habitat directly and indirectly by precipitating increases in the extent, frequency, and severity of natural disturbances, such as fire. Species face the combined threats of habitat clearance, changing climates, and altered disturbance regimes, each of which may interact and have cascading impacts on animal populations. Typically, conservation agencies are limited in their capacity to mitigate rates of habitat clearance, habitat fragmentation, or climate change, yet fire management is increasingly used worldwide to reduce wildfire risk and achieve conservation outcomes. A popular approach to ecological fire management involves the creation of fire mosaics to promote animal diversity. However, this strategy has 2 fundamental limitations: the effect of fire on animal movement within or among habitat patches is not considered and the implications of the current fire regime for long-term population persistence are overlooked. Spatial and temporal patterns in fire history can influence animal movement, which is essential to the survival of individual animals, maintenance of genetic diversity, and persistence of populations, species, and ecosystems. We argue that there is rich potential for fire managers to manipulate animal movement patterns; enhance functional connectivity, gene flow, and genetic diversity; and increase the capacity of populations to persist under shifting environmental conditions. Recent methodological advances, such as spatiotemporal connectivity modeling, spatially explicit individual-based simulation, and fire-regime modeling can be integrated to achieve better outcomes for biodiversity in human-modified, fire-prone landscapes. Article impact statement: Land managers may conserve populations by using fire to sustain or enhance functional connectivity.     

Human influence over 150 years of coastal evolution in the Volturno delta system (southern Italy)

This paper focused on the past shoreline change rates along the coastal plain of the Volturno River, in southern Italy, western Mediterranean. A wide database comprising historical maps, aerial photographs, topographic sheets, bathymetric data was used to extract the spatial and temporal information of the coastlines at seven time points. Coastline displacement was calculated for two successive time points and relative surface variation (accretion and erosion) was estimated as well as minimum and maximum accretion/erosion linear values and rates. The surface variation analysis has revealed that the studied coast can be considered homogeneous since the 1970s, whereas it exhibits a variety of shoreline evolutionary trends after that time period. Timing and causes of trends and rates of variation were detected. Based on the estimated shoreline change rates, an appropriate morhodynamic one-line model was applied to predict evolutionary scenarios also in presence of port and defence works. The results obtained strongly emphasize that a successful coastal management requires a constant monitoring of the human-induced changes to account for the variability of rates over time.     

火前锋附壁的模拟实验研究

设计了可变坡度燃烧实验台,利用气体燃烧器模拟沟槽地形火蔓延中的火前锋。以丙烷为燃料,主要开展了不同坡度和高宽比(挡板高度与燃烧器宽度之比)条件下的气体燃烧实验。结果表明,坡度是影响火焰附壁的关键因素,挡板的存在限制了侧向卷吸从而加快火焰倾斜甚至附着。上坡火前锋存在一个发生火焰部分附着的临界坡度,该临界坡度不随挡板高宽比的变化而改变,该文的临界坡度为10°~15°。随坡度继续升高,高于另一临界坡度时,火焰完全附着在实验台面上,形成薄片状结构,发生火焰完全附着。附着火焰表现出明显的脉动性,随坡度的增大而增强,挡板的存在明显加剧了火焰脉动,而高宽比的变化对火焰脉动特性无显著影响。