秦皇岛市泥石流发育特征及防治措施

近年来,随着社会经济的发展,人类工程活动频繁,泥石流地质灾害在我市每年新增灾害中占有相当大的比重,严重威胁着人民的生命财产安全。秦皇岛市泥石流主要发育在北部低山丘陵区,规模小,危害大。通过对泥石流发育特征的研究,阐明其形成条件与地形、地质环境、植被和降雨等因素的关系,并据此提出了群测群防,加强采矿活动正确管理、工程治理等防治措施。     

Lay perceptions of carbon capture and storage technology

The extent of social acceptance of carbon capture and storage (CCS) is likely to significantly influence the sustainable development of CO₂ storage projects. Acceptance of CCS by the key stakeholders (policy makers, the general public, the media and the local community), linked to specific projects, as well as how the technology is communicated about and perceived by the public, have become matters of interest for the social sciences. This article reports on an investigation of the public perception of CCS technology in Spain. Individuals’ views on CCS are analysed through focus groups with lay citizens using “stimulus materials”. As the analysis shows, lay views of CCS differ significantly from the views of decision-makers and experts. Public concerns and reactions to CCS technology and potential projects, as well as the degree of consensus on its acceptance or rejection are detailed. Implications for the future use of CCS are discussed.     

南水北调中线水源区与海河受水区旱涝遭遇研究

南水北调中线工程水源区与受水区的旱涝遭遇性是跨流域水资源调配与管理运行的重要依据。利用我国近500 a旱涝等级历史资料和近几十年的实测雨量资料,进行了南水北调工程水源区与海河受水区历史旱涝特征分析,并采用集对分析法对水源区与海河受水区的旱涝遭遇进行了研究。结果表明: 南水北调中线水源区与海河受水区历史上旱涝灾害频发,持续性旱涝灾害严重,近3个世纪以来旱涝灾害发生次数和程度都呈现出增加的趋势。水源区与海河受水区旱涝的联系度很低,两个区域的旱涝状态同步性比较差,旱涝遭遇情况对工程调水有利的几率为567%,对工程调水不利的几率为2488%。因此,要使南水北调工程发挥最大效益和价值,还需要其他水利工程配合进行合理调控。     

柽柳对滨海盐渍土的改良作用及其应用

以山东省威海市高区环海路上的柽柳为研究对象,在其根系附近采集实验组土样并在其周围的空白地面上采集对照组土样,测定几组能够说明其土质的数据,如土壤中生物的分类与计数、有机质的含量、土壤的pH值、土壤中空气的体积以及土壤颗粒的贮水能力.通过将实验组与对照组的比较,分析得出在滨海盐渍土上栽植柽柳不但可增加土壤中微生物的含量,而且可增加土壤中的空气和有机质的含量,提高土壤颗粒的贮水能力,还可降低土壤的pH值,增加观赏性.因此,根据所测的各项指标得出柽柳对滨海盐渍土具有改良作用的结论,为推动与利用柽柳在滨海盐渍土上的种植提供理论依据.     

风筒出口位置对掘进工作面瓦斯分布的影响

根据计算流体动力学(CFD)理论,运用Fluent软件对掘进工作面的风流流场及瓦斯分布进行数值模拟,研究了在断面形状为梯形的掘进巷道中,瓦斯从掘进迎头和巷道两帮均匀涌出时,风筒出口离掘进迎头的距离对掘进巷道中风流流场和瓦斯分布的影响.结果表明: 压入式局部通风掘进巷道工作面风流从风筒出口流出后,沿风流方向瓦斯浓度逐渐增大,在靠近迎头处巷道两帮底部和顶部瓦斯浓度较高;随着瓦斯涌出量的增加,由于高浓度瓦斯密度降低而产生的上浮力的作用,在靠近迎头的上部区域发生瓦斯沿顶板逆风流方向流动的现象;上浮力的作用会改变流场的分布状况,在靠近迎头处产生涡流;风筒出口离掘进迎头越近,风流到达迎头时携带的瓦斯量越少,且迎头处的风速越大,靠近迎头区域中的瓦斯浓度越低.     

Tracing the fate of PCBs in forest ecosystems

Forests were shown to play an important role in influencing atmospheric concentrations and transport of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the environment. World forests cover more than 4 billion hectares and contain up to 80% of the above ground organic carbon. Given the lipophilic nature of POPs, this suggests that forests can influence the environmental fate of POPs at a global scale. POP accumulation in forest canopies still presents points of concern given the complexity of these ecosystems. In particular, the role of ecological parameters such as LAI (leaf area index) and SLA (specific leaf area) and their dynamics during the growing season was not sufficiently investigated yet. This paper reviews, compares and interprets a unique case study in which air and leaf concentrations and deposition fluxes for selected polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in three different forest types exposed to the same air masses. In order to trace the air-leaf-soil path of these compounds, a dynamic model of POP accumulation into forest canopy was applied. The dynamics of the canopy biomass strongly affected the trend of leaf concentration with time. Growth dilution effect can prevent the more chlorinated compounds from reaching the partitioning equilibrium before litter fall, while the more volatile compounds can approach equilibrium in the range of few weeks. An amount of up to 60 ng of PCBs per square metre of ground surface was predicted to be stored in each of the selected forests at fully developed canopy. Dry gaseous deposition fluxes to forest canopy were estimated to reach a maximum value of about 0.5-1.5 ng m(-2) d(-1) during the spring period.     

北京城市离退休居民与城市公园绿地关系

在入户抽样调查的基础上,分析总结了北京城市离退休居民与城市公园绿地的关系,结果显示,按照全部被调查人数计算,北京离退休居民平均每个月有11.0d去公园,平均每天在公园滞留1.1h,方便居民生活的小区分园数量和质量还不能完全满足要求,城市公园对居民的户外活动仍然十分重要,未来城市规划应该重视居住绿地建设,同时加强相关的基础研究。     

Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in common buzzard (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Buteo buteo</Emphasis>) from Sicily (Italy)

In the present study, we investigated the concentrations and distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in intestine, liver, and muscle samples of 11 common buzzards (Buteo buteo) from Sicily used as bioindicator for monitoring pollution in environment. All samples of common buzzards were collected at the “Recovery Center of Wild Fauna” of Palermo, through the Zooprophilactic Institute. Quantitative determination of OCs and PCBs in the samples examined has been carried out using HRGC-ECD and GC-MS. The results obtained show the presence of concentrations of ∑DDT and ∑PCB in almost all samples. Regarding ∑DDT (4,4^′-DDE, 2,4^′-DDD, 4,4^′-DDD, 2,4^′-DDT, and 4,4^′-DDT), the highest concentrations were found in intestine (0.411 ± 0.050 μg/g) followed by muscle (0.130 ± 0.017 μg/g) and liver samples (0.109 ± 0.014 μg/g). As regards the ∑PCB congeners (PCB-28, PCB-52, PCB-95, PCB-99, PCB-101, PCB-110, PCB-138, PCB-146, PCB-149, PCB-151, PCB-153, PCB-170, PCB-177, PCB-180, PCB-183, and PCB-187), the highest concentrations were found in intestine (1.686 ± 0.144 μg/g) followed by liver (1.064 ± 0.162 μg/g) and muscle samples (0.797 ± 0.078 μg/g). Our data deserve particular attention not only for their significance but especially because they were recorded in Sicily, a region with a very low risk of environmental pollution due to the shortage of industries.     

新形势下环境监测科技发展现状与展望

结合国家生态环境监测网络建设方案和环境监测管理方式的变化,依据"十三五"期间环境保护重点工作和国家科技体制改革方向,对环境监测科研现状进行了分析。从环境监测技术体系建设、国家重点研发计划、国家科技重大专项等方面综合考虑,分析了水、气、土等方面的科研工作现状和问题,总结了"十三五"期间环境监测技术体系建设需求和进度安排,归纳了国家层面环境监测科技发展需求,提出了"十三五"环境监测科技发展的展望与思路。     

京津冀地区经济发展与PM10浓度变化的灰色关联分析

近几年,京津冀地区因灰霾天气频发而备受关注。通过分析京津冀地区PM10浓度变化与主要经济指标的关系,查找京津冀地区空气污染原因,并为今后污染控制措施提供参考。采用灰色关联分析法,对2007—2012年京津冀地区PM10与GDP、钢铁产量、煤炭消费总量、原油消费总量、天然气消费总量5项经济指标进行了分析,结果表明,在与本地经济指标的关联度方面,京津冀地区、北京市、天津市的PM10与煤炭消费总量相关性高;河北省略有不同,钢铁产量为关联度最高的经济指标。在与京津冀地区经济指标的关联度方面,相比本地,北京市、河北省均呈现较大差异性,天津市差异性较小,说明北京市、河北省空气质量受自身影响较大,天津市空气质量受区域传输影响明显。建议整个京津冀地区均应重点加大"控煤"力度,天津市还需加强区域联防联控力度,河北省应加快钢铁企业转型升级,压缩过剩产能。