Assessment of global industrial-age anthropogenic arsenic contamination

Arsenic, a carcinogenic trace element, threatens not only the health of millions of humans and other living organisms, but also global sustainability. We present here, for the first time, the global industrial-age cumulative anthropogenic arsenic production and its potential accumulation and risks in the environment. In 2000, the world cumulative industrial-age anthropogenic arsenic production was 4.53 million tonnes. The world-wide coal and petroleum industries accounted for 46% of global annual gross arsenic production, and their overall contribution to industrial-age gross arsenic production was 27% in 2000. Global industrial-age anthropogenic As sources (as As cumulative production) follow the order: As mining production >As generated from coal >As generated from petroleum. The potential industrial-age anthropogenic arsenic input in world arable surface in 2000 was 2.18 mg arsenic kg^–1, which is 1.2 times that in the lithosphere. The development of substitute materials for arsenic applications in the agricultural and forestry industries and controls of arsenic emissions from the coal industry may be possible strategies to significantly decrease arsenic pollution sources and dissipation rates into the environment.     

碳氮结构空心管材料及其对钍离子的吸附性能研究

目的合成碳氮结构空心管材料,用于稀土矿山开采中放射性钍离子的吸附去除,方法通过三聚氰胺和三聚氰酸超分子自组装,经水热碳化及高温热解,制备碳氮结构空心管材料.采用SEM、XRD等对材料进行表征.在不同热解温度和pH值下进行钍离子吸附实验,比较不同钍离子的初始浓度和吸附时间下吸附容量的差异.结果600℃时,材料形貌为均匀的中空管状结构;pH=3.5,热解温度为800℃时,材料最大吸附容量达到133.87 mg/g,吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附模型且遵从准二级动力学规律.结论碳氮结构空心管材料对钍离子具有良好的吸附效果,有望用于稀土开采过程中产生的放射性废钍离子的去除.     

Effects of four chlorobenzenes on serum sex steroids and hepatic microsome enzyme activities in crucian carp, Carassius auratus

Four chlorobenzenes (chlorobenzene, 1,3-dichlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, p-chloro-methylbenzene) were administrated to the crucian carps (Carassius auratus) by peritoneal injections in the laboratory for 30 days. Serum testosterone and 17 beta-estradiol concentrations were detected using radioimmunology assay (RIA), and the activities of two hepatic microsome enzymes, glutathione s-transferase (GST) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT), were measured using the modified methods as described by Habig and Owens. Results showed that the four chlorobenzenes caused significant increases in serum testosterone concentration in the crucian carps (P < 0.05) compared to the controls, but they caused no significant effect on 17 beta-estradiol level. All test chemicals caused a change in hepatic GST activity in crucian carps, with significant increases in enzyme activity (P < 0.05). Chlorobenzene, 1,3-dichlorobenzene and p-chloro-methylbenzene resulted in a marked inhibition to UDPGT activity in crucian carp (P < 0.05) except 1,4-dichlorobenzene. The changes in hepatic microsome enzyme activities may have resulted in the alterations of serum sex steroids levels in the crucian carps. The results indicated that these four chlorobenzenes may result in the changes of endocrine functions and may affect the reproductive success of this and other species.     

内电解法预处理甲基氯化物生产废水的研究

用内电解法预处理有机磷农药中间体甲基氯化物生产废水，结果表明是可行的，废水CODcr，有机磷，硫化物的去除率分别达到62.43%，60.62%，76.37%，出水的BOD5／CODcr由0.107上升至0.302，为后续的生化处理创造了良好的条件。实验确定的操作条件为铁碳比铁碳比2、废水pH值5.5,反应温度＞50℃，停留时间＞7h，CaO用量200mg/L。     

Effects of advanced traffic signal status warning systems on vehicle emission reductions at signalized intersections

Signalized intersections have been identified as vehicle emission hotspots, where drivers decelerate, idle, and accelerate their vehicles in response to signal changes. Advanced traffic signal status warning systems (ATSSWSs) can be applied to reduce traffic emissions at intersections by mitigating unnecessary braking and acceleration. In this study, two types of ATSSWSs, variable message sign (VMS) based and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) based, were designed, and their environmental effectiveness was evaluated through driving simulator-based experiments. Three scenarios were designed and tested: (1) baseline without an ATSSWS, (2) with the VMS-based ATSSWS, and (3) with the V2I-based ATSSWS. The Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator model was used to evaluate and compare the environmental effectiveness of these two types of ATSSWSs. The results indicate that the proposed ATSSWSs can reduce traffic emissions at signalized intersections. In particular, the V2I-based ATSSWS can substantially reduce CO₂, NOx, CO, and HC emissions. The results will help transportation practitioners with implementing advanced driver information systems and decision making on emission reduction policies.

Implications: Signalized intersection has been identified as one of hottest spots for vehicle emissions where signal control causes vehicles to frequently decelerate, idle, and accelerate. Advanced Traffic Signal Status Warning Systems (ATSSWS) can be applied to reduce traffic emission at intersections by decreasing vehicles’ unnecessary brakes and accelerations. The results of this study will assist transportation practitioners in implementing advanced driver information systems and making decisions on emission reduction policies.     

Biological treatment of dye wastewaters using an anaerobic-oxic system

Three dye solutions, namely, C.I. Acid Yellow 17, C.I. Basic Blue 3, and C.I. Basic Red 2, were treated in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor followed by a semi-continuous aerobic activated sludge tank. When hydraulic retention time was about 12 hours, no significant color removal was observed in the aerobic stage. In the anaerobic stage, Acid Yellow 17, Basic Blue 3, and Basic Red 2 were removed by 20%, 72%, and 78%, respectively. To treat wastewater from a dye manufacturing factory with COD concentration of 1200 mg/l and Color of 500 degree (dilution factor), an UASB reactor (4.5 liters) and an activated sludge tank (5 liters, adjustable), COD and color were removed by more than 83% and 90% at a COD loading rate of 5.3 kg COD/m³-day in the anaerobic stage, and at the hydraulic retention time of 6-10 hours for the anaerobic stage and 6.5 for the aerobic stage. The anaerobic stage of the A/O system removes both color and COD. In addition, it also improves biodegradability of dyes for further aerobic treatment.     

一起苯乙烯槽罐车泄漏的应急监测案例

2007年10月28日凌晨，镇江市环境监测中心站于3：40接到市环保局应急指挥中心关于338省道200km处，发生一起苯乙烯槽罐车泄露的紧急交通事故通知，于是立即启动应急监测响应程序，监测站应急监测小组于4：20到达事故现场，并立即用快速检测装备进行现场定性、定量跟踪监测，及时向现场应急指挥部提供了第一线的监测数据，为污染事故的及时控制与安全处置提供了决策依据。经13个多小时的共同处置，罐内苯乙烯得到安全驳载，肇事车辆被拖离现场，交通也顺利恢复。     

利用粉煤灰中活性炭的吸附能力治理含铬废水

通过实验研究指出，运用粉煤灰可同时治理含铬废水中Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)。结果表明，粉煤灰用量、废液酸度、振荡时间和温度等均对铬的去除效果存在一定影响。研究揭示，在常温(15～35℃)下，当粉煤灰的掺人比例为1：650、含铬废液pH为4．0～5．5、接触时间为40min时，粉煤灰可同时治理含铬废水中Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)，其中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率在88％左右，Cr(Ⅲ)的去除率可达99％以上。该方法工艺简单，成本低廉，效果优良，具有较好的应用前景。     

临安市实施清洁生产和发展绿色产业总体构思

以临安市为例，通过对该市社会经济发展现状及其制约“瓶颈”的分析，指出县域经济的进一步发展存在强烈的路径依赖，即必须按照可持续发展的基本原则，以清洁生产与绿色产业为目标取向，并相应提出一些设想和措施。     

薄膜级碳酸钙可焚烧母料的环保性能的探讨

采用 12 5 0目以上的碳酸钙填充料、铝酸酯偶联剂、焚烧热氧降解剂、生物活性剂等助剂制备的可焚烧PE母料 ,吹制成购物袋和垃圾袋。经人工加速老化实验、户外曝晒实验后 ,用红外光谱、高效液相色谱、热 红联用仪等对其综合环保性能进行表征 ,实验结果表明 ,该薄膜适应于垃圾的焚烧处理 ,特别是对促进塑料的快速完全燃烧和降低尾气中有害气体的含量 ,具有积极的意义 ,可用于装盛焚烧发电垃圾