A complete set of procedure for determination of multiresidue of pesticides in vegetables

A complete set of procedure for determination of multiresidue of pesticides in vegetables was presented in this paper.The complete set of procedure included three steps:bioassay,cholinesterase inhibition and GLC analysis.The samples could be identified to be contaminated with pesticides if 5% of house flies was knocked down in 50 tested house flies. Those samples contaminated with pesticides needed to be detected by AChE inhibition method.The qualitative and quantitative analyses were carried out by GLC.Recoveries ranged from 83.7% in Chinese cabbages to 105.6% in tomatoes for pyrethroids,and 84.0% in tomatoes to 102.7% in sweetbell redpeppes for organophosphorus compounds.Coefficients of variations ranged from 0.59% to organophosphorus compounds.Coefficients of variations ranged from 0.59% to 7.87% for pyrethroids. and 0.33% to 9.88% for organophosphorus compounds with vegetables. The complete set of procedure has been used successfully to analyze 7000 samples collected in Beijing. About 1% of the samp     

拟除虫菊酯类农药中间体在鱼体肌肉中的积累和释放行为的研究

本文研究了8种与拟除虫菊酯合成有关的化合物在金鱼和鲤鱼肌肉中的积累和释放行为.实验结果表明,不同鱼种积累同一化合物的程度不同,其差别随着分配系数的增加而显著增加.平衡时的生物富集因子的对数log(BCF)值与分配系数的对数log P值之间有较好的线性关系,其相关方程式为log(BCF)=1.062 logP-1.558(n=8,r=0.975).化合物从鱼体释放到水中的速度符合一级反应动力学公式.释放半衰期的对数log t_(1/2)值亦与log P值相关.其相关方程式为log t_(1/2)=0.784 log P-1.571(n=8,r=0.945).本文结果有助于预测该类有机污染物对环境的影响.     

苏州河市郊段底泥中COD_(Cr)和NH_3-N的空间分布特征

对苏州河截流区外河段(城郊段)东大盈河口—北新泾,按河道形态,支流与城镇分布等因素,沿程采集24个底泥柱样,测定其不同部位不同深度底泥中COD_(Cr)和NH_3-N含量,分析COD_(Cr)和NH_3-N在沿程和垂向上的分布特征及其成因。结果表明,底泥中污染沿程分布呈不规则波状起伏,东大盈河、蕴藻浜、盐铁塘、封浜、华漕港、新槎浦等支流口,浮泥层中COD_(Cr)含量达2万mg/kg,超过背景值2—3倍,支流口下游200m范围内均较高;黄渡小支流口、华漕港支流口浮泥层中NH_3-H含量达250mg/kg,超过背景值3倍。在垂向分布上,底泥柱样都出现峰值分布,在某些弯道及支流口出现递减分布。底泥耗氧污染程度主要与支流及其排污量有关,其次是弯道凸岸处污染物易于沉积富集。这为苏州河市郊段环境综合治理、底泥疏浚和处置提供了科学依据。     

Rh-Al-MCM-41上NO选择性催化还原的原位红外研究

利用气-固相固定床反应装置考察了Rh交换的Al-MCM-41在高气体空速条件下对贫燃NOx的选择性催化还原活性,考察了氧含量对其的影响。结果表明,在200000h~(-1)的气体空速、O_2/C_3H_6=20、603K时,NO转化率为74.3％。利用原位FTIR技术研究了该催化剂的表面吸附物种及表面程序升温反应行为,并结合实验观察探讨了贫燃条件下Rh-Al-MCM-41催化剂上NO的选择性催化还原机理。     

利用毛细管气相色谱法测定水和废水中的丙烯酰胺

本文采用毛细管色谱法建立了水和废水中丙烯酰胺的测定程序。以活性炭柱吸附、浓缩样品中的丙烯酰胺，用甲醇洗脱，洗脱液用FID测定。方法回收率为83．1～99．0％，相对标准偏差为5．34％，检出限为0．016mg／L。     

加强装备环境工程管理提高装备环境适应性

根据国内外装备环境工程管理的现状,分析了我国装备研制生产中在环境工程认识、试验质量、试验手段及专业技术队伍等方面存在的问题和不足.针对问题,提出装备的环境工程管理在体系和专业试验室建设、环境试验技术、基础理论和新技术研究与应用、人才培养等方面的改进建议.     

长寿湖富营养化调查

通过对2002年7月长寿湖发生严重富营养化时的监测，利用富营养化评价标准对产生富营养化的几项主要指标进行综合评价，评价结果表明；长寿湖水体已经处于富营养化状况，在所有监测点，总磷，总氮浓度高，其中总氮超标严重按GB3838-2002地表水环境质量标准评价，已经为劣V类水，长寿湖水体中主要的植物为稀脉浮萍和少量紫背浮萍，造成长寿湖水质污染的主要原因有3个方面；工业和生活废水污染，地表径流污染和养殖业污染。     

A pilot scale anoxic/oxic membrane bioreactor (A/O MBR) for woolen mill dyeing wastewater treatment

A pilot-scale( 10 m^3/d) anoxic/oxic membrane bioreactor( A/O MBR) was tested for dyeing wastewater treatment of woolen mill without wasting sludge in 125 days operation. Results showed that the effluent quality was excellent, i.e. effluent COD less than 25 mg/L,BOD5 under 5 mg/L, turbidity lower than 0.65 NTU, and colour less than 30 DT, and met with the reuse water standard of China. The removal rates of COD, BOD5, colour, and turbidity were 92.4%, 98.4%, 74% and 98.9%, respectively. Constant-flux operation mode was carried out in this study, and backwash was effective for reducing membrane fouling and maintaining constant flux. Membrane fouling had heavy impact on energy consumption. More attention should be paid on pipe selection and design for the sidestream MBR system, too.     

Assessment of global industrial-age anthropogenic arsenic contamination

Arsenic, a carcinogenic trace element, threatens not only the health of millions of humans and other living organisms, but also global sustainability. We present here, for the first time, the global industrial-age cumulative anthropogenic arsenic production and its potential accumulation and risks in the environment. In 2000, the world cumulative industrial-age anthropogenic arsenic production was 4.53 million tonnes. The world-wide coal and petroleum industries accounted for 46% of global annual gross arsenic production, and their overall contribution to industrial-age gross arsenic production was 27% in 2000. Global industrial-age anthropogenic As sources (as As cumulative production) follow the order: As mining production >As generated from coal >As generated from petroleum. The potential industrial-age anthropogenic arsenic input in world arable surface in 2000 was 2.18 mg arsenic kg^–1, which is 1.2 times that in the lithosphere. The development of substitute materials for arsenic applications in the agricultural and forestry industries and controls of arsenic emissions from the coal industry may be possible strategies to significantly decrease arsenic pollution sources and dissipation rates into the environment.     

碳氮结构空心管材料及其对钍离子的吸附性能研究

目的合成碳氮结构空心管材料,用于稀土矿山开采中放射性钍离子的吸附去除,方法通过三聚氰胺和三聚氰酸超分子自组装,经水热碳化及高温热解,制备碳氮结构空心管材料.采用SEM、XRD等对材料进行表征.在不同热解温度和pH值下进行钍离子吸附实验,比较不同钍离子的初始浓度和吸附时间下吸附容量的差异.结果600℃时,材料形貌为均匀的中空管状结构;pH=3.5,热解温度为800℃时,材料最大吸附容量达到133.87 mg/g,吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附模型且遵从准二级动力学规律.结论碳氮结构空心管材料对钍离子具有良好的吸附效果,有望用于稀土开采过程中产生的放射性废钍离子的去除.