Are current Chinese national ambient air quality standards on 24-hour averages for particulate matter sufficient to protect public health?

With rapid economic development and urbanization in recent decades, China has experienced the worsening of ambient air quality. For better air quality management to protect human health, Chinese government revised national ambient air quality standards(NAAQS) for particulate matter(PM) in 2012(GB3095-2012). To assess the effectiveness of current NAAQS for PM on public health in Chinese population, we conducted a metaanalysis on published studies examining the mortality risk of short-term exposure to PM with aerodynamic diameters less than 10 and 2.5 μm(PM_(10) and PM_(2.5)) in China. The reported24-hour concentrations of PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) in studies ranged from 43.5 to 150.1 μg/m~3 and 37.5 to 176.7 μg/m~3. In the pooled excess, mortality risk estimates of short-term exposure to PM.In specific, per 10 μg/m~3 increase in PM_(10), we observed increases of 0.40%(95%CI: 0.33%,0.47%), 0.57%(95%CI: 0.44%, 0.70%) and 0.49%(95%CI: 0.40%, 0.58%) in total, respiratory and cardiovascular mortality, per 10 μg/m~3 increase in PM_(2.5), we observed increases of 0.51%(95%CI: 0.38%, 0.63%), 0.62%(95%CI: 0.52%, 0.73%) and 0.75%(95%CI: 0.54%, 0.95%) in total,respiratory and cardiovascular mortality. Finally, we derived 125 μg/m~3 for PM_(10) and 62.5 μg/m~3 for PM_(2.5) as 24-hour recommendation values based on the pooled estimates. Our results indicated that current Chinese NAAQS for PM could be sufficient in mitigating the excess mortality risk from short-term exposure to ambient PM. However, future research on longterm exposure cohort studies in Chinese population is also essential in revising annual averages for PM in Chinese NAAQS.     

Characterization particulate matter from several Chinese cooking dishes and implications in health effects

Cooking fume produced by oil and food at a high temperature releases large amount of fine particulate matter(PM) which have a potential hazard to human health. This chamber study investigated particle emission characteristics originated from using four types of oil(soybean oil, olive oil, peanut oil and lard) and different kinds of food materials(meat and vegetable). The corresponding emission factors(EFs) of number, mass, surface area and volume for particles were discussed. Temporal variation of size-fractionated particle concentration showed that olive oil produced the highest number PM concentration for the entire cooking process. Multiple path particle dosimetry(MPPD) model was performed to predict deposition in the human respiratory tract. Results showed that the pulmonary airway deposition fraction was the largest. It was also found that particles produced from olive oil led to the highest deposition. We strongly recommend minimizing the moisture content of ingredients before cooking and giving priority to the use of peanut oil instead of olive oil to reduce human exposure to PM.     

利用集合均方根卡尔曼滤波反演重庆地区SO2源排放

传统的"自下而上"清单方法估算的排放清单,其数据的准确性和时效性存在较大局限.基于集合均方根卡尔曼滤波的源清单反演方法,结合WRF-CMAQ（天气研究和预报模式-公共多尺度空气质量模型）被用于对以清华大学编制的2010年MEIC（中国多尺度排放清单模型）排放清单为基础制作的重庆地区SO₂排放源进行反演试验以解决准确性和时效性问题,试验时间段为2014年10月15-31日,重庆主城17个环境空气质量国控监测点ρ（SO₂）小时观测资料用于反演及检验.结果表明:该方法能够反演重庆地区SO₂源排放量,随着反演次数增加,基于反演排放源预报的ρ（SO₂）预报误差持续减小,反演4次后预报误差达到比较低的稳定的水平,其均方根误差均低于20 μg/m3. 5次反演后SO₂源排放量用于2014年10月24-29日每天起始预报,其预报的站点、时间平均的均方根误差从100~400 μg/m3降至30 μg/m3以下.反演中应用局地化尺度减少集合取样误差影响,54与81 km两个局地化尺度反演结果对预报改善效果相当,表明主要影响重庆主城ρ（SO₂）的源排放位于主城及周边地区,也说明内源排放对重庆主城ρ（SO₂）起主要影响.反演后面源排放量主城区降幅约为30 kg/（d·km2）,周边地区减少10~20 kg/（d·km2）,主城区部分SO₂点源排放量降幅约为25 kg/（d·km2）,说明2010年MEIC排放清单高估了试验时段重庆地区的SO₂排放.      

Behaviors and kinetics of toluene adsorption‐desorption on activated carbons with varying pore structure

This work was undertaken to investigate the behaviors and kinetics of toluene adsorption and desorption on activated carbons with varying pore structure. Five kinds of activated carbon from different raw materials were selected. Adsorption isotherms and breakthrough curves for toluene were measured. Langmuir and Freundlich equations were fitted to the equilibrium data, and the Freundlich equation was more suitable for simulating toluene adsorption. The process consisted of monolayer, multilayer and partial active site adsorption types. The effect of the pore structure of the activated carbons on toluene adsorption capacity was investigated. The quasi-first-order model was more suitable for describing the process than the quasi-second-order model. The adsorption data was also modeled by the internal particle diffusion model and it was found that the adsorption process could be divided into three stages. In the external surface adsorption process, the rate depended on the specific surface area. During the particle diffusion stage, pore structure and volume were the main factors affecting adsorption rate. In the final equilibrium stage, the rate was determined by the ratio of meso-and macro-pores to total pore volume. The rate over the whole adsorption process was dominated by the toluene concentration. The desorption behavior of toluene on activated carbons was investigated,and the process was divided into heat and mass transfer parts corresponding to emission and diffusion mechanisms, respectively. Physical adsorption played the main role during the adsorption process.     

改性膨润土和沉水植物联合作用处理沉积物磷

首次将改性膨润土（modified bentonite,MB）作为原位吸附材料与沉水植物苦草（Vallisneria spiralis,V.spiralis）联合处理沉积物磷.研究结果表明,MB可以促进沉水植物V.spiralis的生长, V.spiralis可能通过根系分泌作用促进溶磷或是通过促进根际微生物群落的P代谢活性增加沉积物中的生物可利用性P含量.MB与沉水植物V.spiralis对沉积物P的联合作用效果优于MB和沉水植物V.spiralis单独作用之和.厚度5cm MB和V.spiralis联合作用对沉积物TP,IP,OP,Fe/Al-P和Ca-P的去除率可达59.8%,57.1%,67.8%,66.7%和44.7%.微生物试验结果表明,厚壁菌门Erysipelotrichaceae科的菌属PSB-M-3是联合组相比单一V.spiralis组或单一MB组微生物群落P代谢功能增强的主要贡献者.本研究还首次发现了Erysipelotrichaceae科微生物可作为沉积物中潜在的除磷菌.研究结果表明MB和沉水植物联合控制沉积物磷技术可进一步应用到富营养化湖泊沉积物控制工程.     

植物叶表尘及重金属对城市大气颗粒物污染的指示与评估

城市大气颗粒物污染问题日渐突出,目前主要依靠大气站点的直接观测数据反映污染的即时状况,而植物叶表尘及重金属的监测为评价大气颗粒物阶段性污染状况提供了新的途径.本研究通过分析北京交通带和公园共7个样点的臭椿(Ailanthus altissima)、槐(Sophora japonica)、北京杨(Populus beijingensis)、榆树(Ulmus pumila)、紫叶李(Prunus cerasifera f.atropurpurea)等5种常见绿化树种的叶表尘及重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn含量,并计算尘金属综合累积指数(MAI),进而与邻近站点大气颗粒物观测数据对比并进行统计分析,尝试量化评价植物所处环境的大气颗粒物及尘重金属综合污染状况.结果表明:采用榆树叶表尘可量化评价大气可吸入颗粒物PM10的月均质量浓度,相对误差为1.2%~10.6%;臭椿叶表尘可量化评价大气细颗粒物PM2.5的月均质量浓度和月均空气质量指数(AQI),相对误差分别为0.18%~3.7%和0.26%~5.7%.MAI值可指示大气尘重金属综合污染状况,本研究中京承高速和朝阳公园大气尘重金属综合污染较重,其次为念坛公园、望京公园和玉蜓桥,最轻为岳各庄桥和麋鹿苑.     

道路雨水径流溶解性有机物与重金属结合作用分析

为了解道路雨水径流溶解性有机物(DOM)与重金属的相互作用,采用荧光激发-发射矩阵光谱、超滤、离子选择电极法及红外光谱等技术对道路雨水径流溶解性有机物及其组分同Cu~(2+)、Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的络合作用进行了研究.结果表明,道路雨水径流DOM与3种重金属离子的络合作用由强到弱依次是:Cu~(2+)Pb~(2+)Cd~(2+),4种分子量DOM组分与重金属之间均发生了络合反应,且DOM组分分子量越小,与重金属之间的络合作用越强.4个不同分子量区间的DOM组分与Cu~(2+)、Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)之间的络合作用由强到弱的顺序为:1 kDa组分、1~10 kDa组分、10~30kDa组分、30 kDa~0.45μm组分.     

水下穿越油气管道水流冲击作用下强度安全研究

油气管道穿越水流活动区域时,在水流冲击浮力作用下,油气管道面临漂管、大变形甚至断裂等强度失效风险。研究水流冲击作用下油气管道的强度安全性意义重大。描述分析了流水作用下管道的载荷特性,构建了水下管道有限元模型,分析了水流冲击、动静水浮力下管道的应力应变特性,构建了强度评价准则,对油气管道进行了安全评价,基于复壁管稳管技术,对水下管道进行了强度加强设计,为工程优化设计提供参考。     

两种有机酸对茶园土微团聚体等温吸附锌的影响

为了明确茶园紫色土Zn容量及潜在污染状况,利用虹吸沉降和离心冻融法进行批量培养,研究区域土壤及不同粒径微团聚体等温吸附Zn~(2+)的水平,以及去除有机质和外源添加柠檬酸、乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)对吸附的影响。结果表明:1)以专性吸附为主的多层吸附随Zn~(2+)质量浓度增至200 mg/L总体接近饱和,吸附量从大到小依次为0.002 mm、0.002~0.05 mm、原土、0.25~2 mm、0.05~0.25 mm,游离Zn~(2+)向较小粒径富集趋势明显,去除有机质弱化了微团聚体的吸附能力;2)吸附过程为自发吸热反应,热力学Freundlich方程(R2=0.9722~0.9995)整体拟合水平优于Langmiur方程(R2=0.9505~0.9987),土壤吸附能力与有机质、游离氧化铁、CEC呈正相关;3)两种有机酸均以0.1 mmol/L为阈值,随浓度增加均表现为低浓度增强Zn~(2+)积累、高浓度加快迁移,最大吸附量呈"峰形"变化,有机酸浓度"峰值"在去除有机质后增大到1 mmol/L;在未去除有机质土壤及结构单元中,EDTA对Zn~(2+)的释放能力更优,柠檬酸能更好地吸持,大粒径微团聚体0.25~2 mm及原土随有机酸浓度变化吸附量差异明显;去除有机质使两种有机酸促进及抑制功能削弱明显。     

典型戊类仓库火灾危险性试验研究

为研究戊类仓库的火灾危险性,在对比分析国内外仓库火灾危险性划分方式的基础上,通过构建典型戊类仓库的火灾试验模型,开展了不同情况下的火灾燃烧特性对比试验。研究发现,戊类仓库的外包装材料质量及是否采用木托盘承托等显著影响其火灾危险性,在有木托盘存在的情况下,其火灾规模、火灾增长速率以及对相邻货架的影响均较大,尤其当储存物品自身外包装材料的比重较轻时,其影响更为明显,建议对于采用木托盘承托的戊类仓库均应设置自动喷水灭火系统进行保护。另外,建议仓库在火灾危险性分类时,将木托盘的质量与物品自身的外包装质量之和记为物品的外包装质量。