基于DMSP/OLS数据的区域碳排放时空动态研究

选取IPCC碳排放核算方法并基于能源统计数据,核算了我国大陆30个省市的能源消耗碳排放量,利用纠正后的DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据与相应空间单元的碳排放量进行回归分析,反演出1km×1km栅格的电力消耗碳排放量并分析其在地级市尺度上的时空变化.核算出2005年、2010年和2013年能源消耗排放总量分别为57.02,82.28和93.26亿t,其中电力碳排放量分别为23.03,35.62和42.07亿t.结果表明：校正后的DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据能更好地估算碳排放,其DN总值与统计的省级能源消耗排放量、电力消耗排放量均存在较强的相关关系;整体而言,发达地区能源消耗排放量大但强度比较低.     

太湖藻型湖区CH4、CO2排放特征及其影响因素分析

为明确太湖藻型湖区温室气体CH_4、CO_2排放特征及其影响因素,本研究利用便携式温室气体分析仪改进的静态箱法,对太湖梅梁湾春、夏季的CH_4、CO_2通量进行观测,并分析其影响要素.主要结果为:观测地点春、夏季CH_4、CO_2通量具有明显日变化动态.春季,CH_4通量白天大于夜间,夏季夜间大于白天;春、夏季,CO_2吸收通量均白天大于夜间.梅梁湾藻型湖区春、夏季为CH_4源,且CH_4释放通量在夏季明显高于春季,春、夏季的平均通量分别为4.047 nmol·(m~2·s)~(-1)和40.779 nmol·(m~2·s)~(-1);该区域春、夏季为CO_2汇,且春季CO_2吸收大于夏季,春、夏季的平均通量分别为-0.160μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1)和-0.033μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1).在小时尺度上,CH_4释放通量与气温和水温呈显著正相关(r=0.20,P0.01;r=0.34,P0.01),当风速6 m·s-1时,与风速呈显著正相关(r=0.71,P0.01);CO_2吸收通量与气温和风速呈显著正相关(r=0.14,P0.01;r=0.33,P0.05),与气压和太阳辐射呈显著负相关(r=-0.41,P0.01;r=-0.35,P0.01);CO_2释放通量与风速呈显著正相关(r=0.40,P0.05),与太阳辐射呈显著负相关(r=-0.35,P0.01).在日尺度上,CH_4释放通量与水温和气温呈显著正相关(r=0.83,P0.01;r=0.78,P0.01).     

环境样品中多氯联苯分析的新进展

综述了环境中多氯联苯（ＰＣＢｓ）分析方法的新进展，阐述液液，液固萃取，精制富集待测物，色谱，色／质鉴定，对多维气相色谱改进ＰＣＢｓ分离，色谱／富里叶红外，保留指数区分ＰＣＢｓ异构件进行讨论。     

吹扫捕集/气相色谱法测定空气中挥发性有机物

研究并建立了用吹扫捕集气相色谱法测定空气中挥发性有机物的分析方法。以空气中苯系物为目标化合物,以静态法配制标准气体,分别作了高、中、低三种浓度的标准曲线,其相关系数在0 98以上。该法对空气中苯系物的方法检出限为0 14～0 16μg m3,相对标准偏差在2 1%～6 3%之间,回收率在92%～120%。     

区域次生环境风险评价方法研究

针对化工园区内各装置次生环境风险进行了系统研究,建立了一套区域次生风险识别方法,并且以成品油储罐区和7万吨苯抽提装置为例对研究区燃爆类风险源和泄漏类风险源分别进行次生环境风险分析,识别化工园区内对环境有潜在威胁的风险源,结果表明：有8个危险源存在次生风险事故,且对可能发生的次生事故类型进行分析,为化工园区的次生环境风险的监控和防范提供了依据。     

城市水资源综合利用新模式探索与研究

随着经济和社会的发展,城市水资源短缺的矛盾日益突出.宁波市北仑区作为一个极度缺水的地区,在开发利用雨水、海水、再生水等非常规水资源方面积累了一些成功的案例和经验,每年可收集利用雨水近220万吨,利用各类再生水超3 500万吨,区域污水厂废水的再生利用率达到30％.从政府层面对水资源的环境价格和资源价值体现作了有益的探索,并在下一步的城市建设中积极引入“海绵城市”的概念,为其他同类型地区合理利用水资源提供参考和思路.     

臭椿治理铜污染土壤的实验测定

臭椿（Ailanthus altissima）具有很强的抗逆性，能适应多种不良的环境，在中国广泛分布，是一个很有潜力的修复铜污染土壤的物种。通过种植实验检验臭椿修复铜污染土壤的能力。臭椿实生苗移植于4种不同铜的质量分数（0、29、57和86 mg·kg-1）、3种不同的施肥处理（对照、有机肥、无机肥）的土壤，经过5周种植，测量臭椿根、茎、叶的铜含量及各部分生物量。试验结果表明：1）土壤铜浓度的差异对臭椿生长没有显著影响；2）土壤施肥处理显著影响臭椿生长，施加无机肥生长最佳，对照次之，施有机肥最低；3）随土壤铜浓度增加，臭椿根、茎、叶的铜含量增加，然后趋缓，但似乎根、茎、叶的铜含量变化不同步；4）土壤肥力对臭椿茎、叶的铜含量没有显著影响，但对根的铜含量影响显著，施加无机肥的根中铜含量显著增加。臭椿经过短短5周处理，其体内铜的质量分数就到达120μg·g-1，且铜在各组织中的分布比为根：茎：叶＝2?1?2。相比一些超富集铜的草本植物，臭椿的铜吸收能力尚有距离，但其高生长、高抗逆性、深根系的特点，加之其对其他众多重金属元素的吸收能力使得这个物种在生物修复污染土壤方面的作用不容小觑。本研究丰富了治理土壤重金属污染的物种库，为进一步寻找重金属“超富集植物”，更有效的治理土壤污染提供一定的参考价值。     

Identification and comprehensive evaluation of a novel biocontrol agent Bacillus atrophaeus JZB120050

Abstract

Bacillus spp. have long been used as biocontrol agents because of their efficient broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. We identified a novel strain of Bacillus atrophaeus, named JZB120050, from soil. B. atrophaeus JZB120050 had a strong inhibitory effect against Botrytis cinerea and many other phytopathogens. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed that B. atrophaeus JZB120050 produced many secondary metabolites, such as alkanes, alkenes and acids; some of which were related to pathogen inhibition. Enzyme activity analysis showed that B. atrophaeus JZB120050 secreted cell-wall-degrading enzymes, including chitinase, glucanase and protease, which degraded fungal cell walls. Both the novel glucanase gene bglu and chitinase gene chit1 were cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli and the products showed strong enzyme activity. In addition, B. atrophaeus JZB120050 secreted siderophores and formed a significant biofilm. Future studies should focus on these antimicrobial factors to facilitate widespread application in the field of agricultural biocontrol.     

An approach for determining air pollution monitoring sites

EC Directive 2008/50/CE on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe specifies the obligations of Member States regarding fixed measurements of atmospheric pollutants in areas where maximum concentration levels exceed the lower assessment threshold. However, indications as to the siting of atmospheric monitoring stations are less precise and sometimes confusing. Campaigns to measure benzene and other volatile organic compounds in Murcia in 2007 and 2008 revealed that the areas where measurements coincided with the mean concentration for the whole city were always practically the same. Consequently, we propose a method for siting atmospheric monitoring stations in cities for which emission sources remain steady throughout the year, as is the case for cities in most southern European countries, where the most important emission source is traffic. The method is particularly useful for towns in which only one fixed measuring point is compulsory and should help local authorities in making correct decisions in this context.     

Incorporating differences between genetic diversity of trees and herbaceous plants in conservation strategies

Reviews that summarize the genetic diversity of plant species in relation to their life history and ecological traits show that forest trees have more genetic diversity at population and species levels than annuals or herbaceous perennials. In addition, among-population genetic differentiation is significantly lower in trees than in most herbaceous perennials and annuals. Possible reasons for these differences between trees and herbaceous perennials and annuals have not been discussed critically. Several traits, such as high rates of outcrossing, long-distance pollen and seed dispersal, large effective population sizes (N_e), arborescent stature, low population density, longevity, overlapping generations, and occurrence in late successional communities, may make trees less sensitive to genetic bottlenecks and more resistant to habitat fragmentation or climate change. We recommend that guidelines for genetic conservation strategies be designed differently for tree species versus other types of plant species. Because most tree species fit an LH scenario (low [L] genetic differentiation and high [H] genetic diversity), tree seeds could be sourced from a few populations distributed across the species’ range. For the in situ conservation of trees, translocation is a viable option to increase N_e. In contrast, rare herbaceous understory species are frequently HL (high differentiation and low diversity) species. Under the HL scenario, seeds should be taken from many populations with high genetic diversity. In situ conservation efforts for herbaceous plants should focus on protecting habitats because the typically small populations of these species are vulnerable to the loss of genetic diversity. The robust allozyme genetic diversity databases could be used to develop conservation strategies for species lacking genetic information. As a case study of reforestation with several tree species in denuded areas on the Korean Peninsula, we recommend the selection of local genotypes as suitable sources to prevent adverse effects and to insure the successful restoration in the long term.