大型蚤对五价砷抗性选择的响应

金属污染对栖息在该环境中的生物具有强大的选择力,生物若能进化出对该金属的抗性则能在该环境中生存下去,否则将会灭绝。人工模拟的选择方法可以用来研究生物对金属的抗性进化。为了探索大型蚤(Daphnia magna)是否能进化出对五价砷(As(Ⅴ))的抗性,采用多代选择的方法对其进行了As(Ⅴ)诱导的抗性响应研究。依据本实验室大型蚤对As(Ⅴ)的96h半致死浓度(4.25 mg·L~(-1)),试验选取As(Ⅴ)亚致死浓度(8.0 mg·L~(-1))对大型蚤进行选择,每代选择30%~50%对As(Ⅴ)耐受性高的大型蚤转移至不加As(Ⅴ)环境下继续繁殖得到下一代,并重复该选择过程至获得第五代(F5)终止试验。以选择组F5代及对照组F5代大型蚤为测试目标,考察其在As(Ⅴ)继续暴露下的存活时间以期获得具As(Ⅴ)抗性大型蚤。结果显示,在F5代中,选择组大型蚤在As(Ⅴ)(8.0 mg·L~(-1))暴露下的存活时间相比对照组显著延长175%,证实了大型蚤对As(Ⅴ)的进化抗性。进一步研究发现,选择组F5代与对照组F5代相比繁殖力下降19.96%,平均每批产仔量降低15.71%。这表明经过五代人工选择后,大型蚤能够进化出对As(Ⅴ)的抗性,而这种抗性的进化伴随以生物适应性参数的降低为代价。另外,大型蚤对这种抗性的获得机制(对As(Ⅴ)的累积和脱毒机制)仍需进一步研究。     

兰州市能源改造前后大气污染对人体健康经济损失评估

采用修正人力资本法及疾病成本法估算了能源改造前后(分别以2003和2008年为基准年)空气污染造成的人体健康经济损失。能源改造前兰州市空气污染对人体健康造成的经济损失为85961万元,占当年GDP的2.0%;能源改造后的经济损失为134613万元,占当年GDP的1.6%。兰州市实施清洁能源改造后空气污染造成的人体健康经济损失占GDP比例有所减少,可为兰州市大气污染防治及疾病预防提供科学依据。     

The pollution characteristics of PM<Subscript>2.5</Subscript> and correlation analysis with meteorological parameters in Xinxiang during the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Prime Ministers’ Meeting

The pollution characteristics of PM_2.5 and correlation analysis with meteorological parameters in Xinxiang during the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Prime Ministers’ Meeting were investigated. During the whole meeting, nine PM_2.5 samples were collected at a suburban site of Xinxiang, and the average concentration of PM_2.5 was 122.28 μg m^?3. NO₃ ^?, NH₄ ⁺, SO₄ ^2? accounted for 56.8% of the total water-soluble ions. In addition, with an exception of Cl^?, all of water-soluble ions decreased during the meeting. Total concentrations of crustal elements ranged from 6.53 to 185.86 μg m^?3, with an average concentration of 52.51 μg m^?3, which accounted for 82.5% of total elements. The concentrations of organic carbon and elemental carbon were 7.71 and 1.52 μg m^?3, respectively, lower than those before and after the meeting. It is indicated that during the meeting, limiting motor vehicles is to reduce exhaust emissions, delay heating is to reduce the fossil fuel combustion, and other measures are to reduce the concentration of PM_2.5. The directly dispersing by mixing layerheight increase and the indirectly reducing the formation of secondary aerosol by low relative humidity, andthese are the only two key removing mechanisms of PM_2.5 in Xinxiang during the meeting.     

The influence of temperature and SiC content on the recycling of iron ore tailings for the preparation of value-added foam ceramics

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Iron ore tailings (IOT) are common wastes in industrial iron processes, which are harmful to the environmental and industrial development....     

Technical efficiency analysis of the conversion of cropland to forestland program in Jiangxi,Shaanxi, and Sichuan

Conversion of Cropland to Forestland Program (CCFP) has greatly impacted China’s agricultural sector, and more specifically rural farmers. While changes in living standards as a result of the implementation of the CCFP have been analyzed, little research has been conducted regarding the impacts of such policies on farming operations. As agriculture contributes nearly 10% of national GDP, it is important to analyze the implications of policies on a national industry. An input-oriented data envelopment analysis (DEA) model was used to examine the technical efficiency of farming operations following implementation of the CCFP, using survey data from farmers in Jiangxi, Shaanxi, and Sichuan provinces. Additionally, the impact of factors such as urbanization, age and education, and land fragmentation was examined with respect to farming operational efficiency. Scale inefficiency was found to have the greatest effect on overall inefficiency in farming operations in comparison to pure technical inefficiency, which was largely influenced by the presence and degree of land fragmentation of land holdings. Findings can be used to inform national land-use policies facilitating land fragmentation in China and address gaps in existing broader level studies that utilize non-parametric approaches to examine the technical efficiency of Chinese farmers affected by the CCFP.     

Effect of temperature and oxygen on the formation of chlorobenzene as the indicator of PCDD/Fs

Sampling and analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs) are both time-consuming and expensive. In principle,real-time monitoring of chlorobenzene(CBz) as an indicator for PCDD/Fs could be useful to control and optimize incinerator operating conditions.To test this strategy,CBz was analyzed together with PCDD/Fs in flue gas samples collected from a hospital waste incinerator.Moreover,lab experiments were conducted to investigate the eect of temperature and oxygen on CBz formation from fly ash from the same incinerator.The experimental results demonstrate that chlorobenzene(in particular PeCBz) correlate well with PCDD/Fs,in line with previous research.The optimum temperature of CBz formation is in a range of 350 to 400°C and CBz yield increases significantly with oxygen,in line with PCDD/Fs formation.This study is useful for confirming the de novo mechanism and defining correlations between CBz and PCDD/Fs.     

基于模糊神经网络的水稻农田重金属污染水平高光谱预测模型

以吉林省长春一汽厂附近3块不同重金属污染状况的水稻实验样地为例,通过地面实测获取了水稻的光谱反射率、叶片叶绿素含量、叶片及土壤重金属含量等数据.同时,在分析重金属对水稻叶片叶绿素含量影响的基础上,通过多元逐步回归分析选出对水稻叶片叶绿素含量微小变化指示灵敏的光谱参数作为模型输入层,并将水稻叶片叶绿素含量值作为输出层来表征农田重金属污染胁迫水平,最终建立了用于预测水稻农田重金属污染水平的模糊神经网络模型.结果表明,该模糊神经网络模型预测的水稻重金属污染胁迫水平与实测结果吻合度较高,预测的叶绿素含量值与实测值的拟合度较好(R2=0.985).表明在受重金属污染胁迫的情况下,水稻叶片叶绿素含量微小而复杂的变化可以通过构建模糊神经网络模型很好地模拟出来,从而确定出农田的重金属污染水平.     

CdTe/ZnSQDs在小鼠肾脏中的药代动力学特征

为了解Cd Te/Zn SQDs(Cd Te/Zn S量子点)在小鼠肾脏中的药代动力学特征,选择雄性ICR(Institute of Cancer Research)小鼠为动物模型,每只单次尾静脉注射5 nmol的Cd Te/Zn SQDs(粒径约为6 nm,最大发射波长590 nm)。在尾静脉注射Cd Te/Zn SQDs 15 min、1 h、6 h、24 h、72 h、168 h、2 w、4 w和6 w时剖取小鼠的肾脏,消化后使用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)检测其中的Cd(镉)和Te(碲)含量,Cd和Te在小鼠肾脏中浓度随时间的变化均呈现先增加后降低的趋势,Cd和Te含量分别在168 h和72 h时达到峰值(60.42±8.85)ng·g~(-1)和(18.69±0.97)ng·g~(-1),之后逐渐下降,将二者的含量以摩尔比表示,随着给药时间的延长,摩尔(Cd):摩尔(Te)由2.71:1逐渐变成1.39:1。利用3P87计算Cd和Te在肾脏中的药代动力学参数,结果发现Cd和Te在肾脏中的Vd(表观分布体积)分别为(823.14±82.76)g·kg~(-1)和(686.28±53.13)g·kg~(-1)(P0.05);AUC(药物浓度-时间曲线下面积)分别为(24.48±2.52)μg·g~(-1)·h和(7.41±0.60)μg·g~(-1)·h(P0.01);CL(清除率)分别为(0.90±0.11)g·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)和(1.02±0.13)g·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)(P0.05);t1/2(半衰期)分别为(617.02±8.57)h和(458.21±1.85)h(P0.01)。研究提示Cd和Te在肾脏含量的摩尔比随时间变化不同,QDs在体内发生了化学降解;二者的药代动力学参数不同,Cd在肾脏中的代谢速度明显慢于Te,游离的Cd2+可能引起肾脏毒性。     

Impact of disinfection on drinking water biofilm bacterial community

Disinfectants are commonly applied to control the growth of microorganisms in drinking water distribution systems. However, the effect of disinfection on drinking water microbial community remains poorly understood. The present study investigated the impacts of different disinfectants (chlorine and chloramine) and dosages on biofilm bacterial community in bench-scale pipe section reactors. Illumina MiSeq sequencing illustrated that disinfection strategy could affect both bacterial diversity and community structure of drinking water biofilm. Proteobacteria tended to predominate in chloraminated drinking water biofilms, while Firmicutes in chlorinated and unchlorinated biofilms. The major proteobacterial groups were influenced by both disinfectant type and dosage. In addition, chloramination had a more profound impact on bacterial community than chlorination.     

城市污水处理厂恶臭挥发性羰基化合物的排放特征

选取广州市猎德污水处理厂进行为期4 d的现场采样,采用PFPH衍生化-GC/MS联用技术分析恶臭挥发性羰基化合物的组成特征和含量水平,研究它们的排放特征.结果表明,在该污水处理厂共检测出18种羰基化合物,其中具有恶臭气味的组分包括15种,它们在6个处理车间的浓度范围为0.39～19.92μg·m-3,总浓度均值为（68.66±10.05）μg·m-3.采取归一化方法获得了该类污染源的恶臭挥发性羰基化合物成分谱,并发现了分子标志物为甲醛、乙醛、丙醛、2-丁酮、丁醛和己醛,它们占该成分谱总含量的78.91%,其中己醛含量最高,浓度均值达到11.71μg·m-3.应用恶臭面源源强的计算方法,估算出该污水处理厂恶臭挥发性羰基化合物的年排放总量为2 302.33 kg·a-1,各车间的排放量贡献率由高至低为：生化池〉浓缩池〉A级曝气池〉提升泵房〉沉砂池〉脱水机房.由于污水处理厂的恶臭污染排放过程较为复杂,因此在一定程度上影响了排放量估算的准确度.