Technical efficiency analysis of the conversion of cropland to forestland program in Jiangxi,Shaanxi, and Sichuan

Conversion of Cropland to Forestland Program (CCFP) has greatly impacted China’s agricultural sector, and more specifically rural farmers. While changes in living standards as a result of the implementation of the CCFP have been analyzed, little research has been conducted regarding the impacts of such policies on farming operations. As agriculture contributes nearly 10% of national GDP, it is important to analyze the implications of policies on a national industry. An input-oriented data envelopment analysis (DEA) model was used to examine the technical efficiency of farming operations following implementation of the CCFP, using survey data from farmers in Jiangxi, Shaanxi, and Sichuan provinces. Additionally, the impact of factors such as urbanization, age and education, and land fragmentation was examined with respect to farming operational efficiency. Scale inefficiency was found to have the greatest effect on overall inefficiency in farming operations in comparison to pure technical inefficiency, which was largely influenced by the presence and degree of land fragmentation of land holdings. Findings can be used to inform national land-use policies facilitating land fragmentation in China and address gaps in existing broader level studies that utilize non-parametric approaches to examine the technical efficiency of Chinese farmers affected by the CCFP.     

基于模糊神经网络的水稻农田重金属污染水平高光谱预测模型

以吉林省长春一汽厂附近3块不同重金属污染状况的水稻实验样地为例,通过地面实测获取了水稻的光谱反射率、叶片叶绿素含量、叶片及土壤重金属含量等数据.同时,在分析重金属对水稻叶片叶绿素含量影响的基础上,通过多元逐步回归分析选出对水稻叶片叶绿素含量微小变化指示灵敏的光谱参数作为模型输入层,并将水稻叶片叶绿素含量值作为输出层来表征农田重金属污染胁迫水平,最终建立了用于预测水稻农田重金属污染水平的模糊神经网络模型.结果表明,该模糊神经网络模型预测的水稻重金属污染胁迫水平与实测结果吻合度较高,预测的叶绿素含量值与实测值的拟合度较好(R2=0.985).表明在受重金属污染胁迫的情况下,水稻叶片叶绿素含量微小而复杂的变化可以通过构建模糊神经网络模型很好地模拟出来,从而确定出农田的重金属污染水平.     

CdTe/ZnSQDs在小鼠肾脏中的药代动力学特征

为了解Cd Te/Zn SQDs(Cd Te/Zn S量子点)在小鼠肾脏中的药代动力学特征,选择雄性ICR(Institute of Cancer Research)小鼠为动物模型,每只单次尾静脉注射5 nmol的Cd Te/Zn SQDs(粒径约为6 nm,最大发射波长590 nm)。在尾静脉注射Cd Te/Zn SQDs 15 min、1 h、6 h、24 h、72 h、168 h、2 w、4 w和6 w时剖取小鼠的肾脏,消化后使用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)检测其中的Cd(镉)和Te(碲)含量,Cd和Te在小鼠肾脏中浓度随时间的变化均呈现先增加后降低的趋势,Cd和Te含量分别在168 h和72 h时达到峰值(60.42±8.85)ng·g~(-1)和(18.69±0.97)ng·g~(-1),之后逐渐下降,将二者的含量以摩尔比表示,随着给药时间的延长,摩尔(Cd):摩尔(Te)由2.71:1逐渐变成1.39:1。利用3P87计算Cd和Te在肾脏中的药代动力学参数,结果发现Cd和Te在肾脏中的Vd(表观分布体积)分别为(823.14±82.76)g·kg~(-1)和(686.28±53.13)g·kg~(-1)(P0.05);AUC(药物浓度-时间曲线下面积)分别为(24.48±2.52)μg·g~(-1)·h和(7.41±0.60)μg·g~(-1)·h(P0.01);CL(清除率)分别为(0.90±0.11)g·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)和(1.02±0.13)g·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)(P0.05);t1/2(半衰期)分别为(617.02±8.57)h和(458.21±1.85)h(P0.01)。研究提示Cd和Te在肾脏含量的摩尔比随时间变化不同,QDs在体内发生了化学降解;二者的药代动力学参数不同,Cd在肾脏中的代谢速度明显慢于Te,游离的Cd2+可能引起肾脏毒性。     

城市污水处理厂恶臭挥发性羰基化合物的排放特征

选取广州市猎德污水处理厂进行为期4 d的现场采样,采用PFPH衍生化-GC/MS联用技术分析恶臭挥发性羰基化合物的组成特征和含量水平,研究它们的排放特征.结果表明,在该污水处理厂共检测出18种羰基化合物,其中具有恶臭气味的组分包括15种,它们在6个处理车间的浓度范围为0.39～19.92μg·m-3,总浓度均值为（68.66±10.05）μg·m-3.采取归一化方法获得了该类污染源的恶臭挥发性羰基化合物成分谱,并发现了分子标志物为甲醛、乙醛、丙醛、2-丁酮、丁醛和己醛,它们占该成分谱总含量的78.91%,其中己醛含量最高,浓度均值达到11.71μg·m-3.应用恶臭面源源强的计算方法,估算出该污水处理厂恶臭挥发性羰基化合物的年排放总量为2 302.33 kg·a-1,各车间的排放量贡献率由高至低为：生化池〉浓缩池〉A级曝气池〉提升泵房〉沉砂池〉脱水机房.由于污水处理厂的恶臭污染排放过程较为复杂,因此在一定程度上影响了排放量估算的准确度.     

PCDD/Fs in soil around a hospital waste incinerator: comparison after three years of operation

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) can be formed during the cooling of flue gases in waste incinerator. These pollutants are either in the gas phase or attached to the fine particles, escaping dust collection. After stack emission, they are slowly oxidized photochemically (gas phase), or eventually are deposited (dry and wet deposition of particulate) in earth surface. In 2007 and 2010, 11 soil samples were collected in the vicinity of a hospital waste incinerator (HWI), prior and after its startup. In order to find out any variation of PCDD/Fs in soil, in brief dioxins, their concentrations were analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). Compared to the baseline survey (2007), PCDD/Fs in soil significantly increased, by average, +81.6% in total PCDD/Fs and +132.7% in international toxic equivalency (I-TEQ) unit. By principal component analysis (PCA), both the PCDD/Fs homologue and the HxCDF isomer profile in soil were found to become more similar with fly ash. Generally, this incinerator influences the soil only in a limited area. More comprehensive supervision, stricter management and more advanced technology should be implemented in this plant to reduce pollutants emission, even though the level of PCDD/Fs in soil is quite low at present.     

第五届中国国际安全生产及职业健康展览会将在北京举行

中国经济高速发展,安全生产及职业健康工作得到国家有关部门的高度重视,安全生产装备和个体防护用品产业在中国迎来前所未有的历史机遇期。     

丙烯腈废水的三级处理

根据含氰废水生物脱氮装置的运行实践分析了生物脱氮反应中废水的氨化、硝化和反硝化特点。改造前 ,氨氮合格率为 0 ,改造后 ,氨氮合格率为 95 %以上     

我国绿色银行立法问题探讨

环境要素已成为考量银行业发展的重要指标,为达到社会可持续发展目的 ,从立法的正当性和可行性出发,以环境保护与经济发展关系的视角分析绿色银行立法中的问题.通过规范分析方法发现我国绿色银行在立法层次、软法特征和制度保障方面的问题.对此,通过坚持绿色银行基本理念、推进绿色银行"硬法"和"软法"沟通协调、健全绿色银行制度保障等...     

不同酸化体系测定中国不同地区土壤重金属的比较研究

本文采用硝酸-氢氟酸-盐酸-过氧化氢(5∶1∶1∶1)的消解体系和硝酸-过氧化氢(6∶2)消解体系,均通过微波消解法和电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定土壤中的铬、镍、铜、锌、砷、镉、铅等7种元素.分析了来自全国不同地区的9种土壤与水系沉积物的质控样品,研究了全量微波消解酸体系对土壤中7种重金属测定的影响.结果表明,对于Cr和Pb元素,硝酸-过氧化氢消解体系可溶态元素的结果显著低于元素全量的结果,未加入氢氟酸,难以将硅晶格中的Cr和Pb析出.对于As元素,硝酸-氢氟酸-盐酸-过氧化氢消解体系的回收率略有偏高,推测其原因为盐酸引入的氯离子对ICP-MS的测定产生了质谱型干扰,因此消解体系应尽量避免引入氯.对于Ni、Cu和Zn的结果,硝酸-过氧化氢消解体系的回收率在75%—110%的范围,两种消解体系结果的偏差较小,硝酸-过氧化氢法测定的可溶态元素的结果可以较好的反映元素全量的水平.对比不同地区土壤的结果发现,除水系沉积物和砖红壤中的Pb及砖红壤中的Cr,土壤中部分Cr和Pb难以被硝酸-过氧化氢体系消解出来,在环境中处于稳定的状态,因此采用硝酸-过氧化氢体系能更准确地评估Cr和Pb对环境的危害.