预处理方法对水葫芦厌氧发酵产沼气的影响

水葫芦可作为厌氧发酵产沼气的原料。研究发现,水葫芦自身的生物特性会制约其产气潜力的发挥,而发酵前预处理有助于解决这一问题。以采自昆明滇池的新鲜水葫芦为研究对象,分别采用物理法(切分法、压榨法),化学法(酸处理法、碱处理法和金属离子处理法)和生物法(酶处理法)对其进行预处理,以预处理后的水葫芦为原料进行发酵产沼气实验。结果表明,金属离子处理的原料产气效果最佳,在中温35℃,进样浓度7.4%(TS)时,其原料TS产气率、平均甲烷浓度和原料容积产气率分别为744.55 m3/t、59.32%和0.144 m3/(m3·d),与切分处理原料相比提高了88%、13%和87%。其余处理方法也在不同程度上优化了水葫芦的产气效果。因此,以预处理的方式来提高水葫芦的生物利用率和产气效率是可行的。     

铈改性Al2O3担载Pd催化剂的CO氧化性能研究

浸渍法制备了Al2O3＋CeO2为载体的Pd催化剂,对制备中各因素对催化剂效果的影响作了初步研究。考察了活性组分含量与催化剂性能的关系以及焙烧温度、水蒸气对催化剂活性的影响。结果表明,稀土Ce元素的存在使催化剂的性能得到明显改善。制备过程中焙烧步骤对催化剂的活性影响很大,催化剂制备必须高于600℃焙烧。     

11株白腐真菌对5种偶氮染料脱色效果比较及其脱色条件优化

通过11株白腐真菌对5种偶氮染料脱色效果比较的基础上,从中筛选出一株对偶氮染料酸性铬蓝K脱色效果较好的菌株云芝SG0027,并对其脱色条件进行优化。在单因素和Plackett-Burman实验的基础上,采用Box-Behnken设计方法,以酸性铬蓝K脱色率为响应值,对其降解条件进行优化。结果表明,云芝对偶氮染料酸性铬蓝K的最佳降解条件为:温度29.5 ℃,接菌量2片(直径为4 mm的菌片),葡萄糖20 g/L,马铃薯40 g/L,装液量30 mL/100 mL,摇床转速150 r/min,初始pH 5.5。优化后,云芝对酸性铬蓝K的脱色率可达95.94%。     

上海地区气溶胶特征及MODIS气溶胶产品在能见度中的应用

利用气象站点能见度的历史资料和美国国家宇航局的MODIS卫星遥感手段获取10 km×10 km分辨率的气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)资料,建立二者的季节平均关系,得到了上海地区季节变化的气溶胶标高,并利用标高数据和AOD的季节分布,反演出上海地区季节变化的区域能见度分布,研究了近地层大气气溶胶与地面能见度的关系,分析了上海地区AOD的特征及能见度的时空分布特征.结果显示:上海地区冬春季平均能见度较差,外环线以内能见度在10 km以下;低能见度中心分布明显.     

Bioaccumulation of lanthanum and cerium and their effects on the growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings

Through short-term exposure (7-d exposure), long-term exposure (16-d exposure) and exposure-recovery (7-d exposure + 9-d recovery), the bioaccumulation and distribution of La and Ce and their effects on growth of wheat seedlings were studied. Addition of La (0.5-25 mg/l) and Ce (0.5-25 mg/l) to the culture medium individually and in combination inhibited primary root elongation, reduced the dry weight of roots and shoots and the content of mineral elements (Ca, Mg, K, Cu, Zn). The damage increased with an increase in the concentrations of La and Ce in culture medium. Relative damage ratio increased with an increase in concentrations of La and Ce in the culture medium and with exposure time. Comparing exposure-recovery groups with long-term exposure groups, primary root lengths, dry weight of roots and shoots and the content of five mineral elements were higher. The accumulation of La and Ce in the seedlings was positively correlated with the concentrations of La and Ce in the culture medium and with exposure time. Bioaccumulation factors of La and Ce in roots were much higher than those of shoots. The uptake rates of La and Ce by the plants were much higher than the translocation rates from roots to shoots. The accumulation and distribution of La and Ce in the seedlings in exposure-recovery groups showed that there was very little excretion through metabolism during the recovery period, but redistribution occurred throughout the whole plant. No apparent selective uptake was found between La and Ce by the plants when they were applied in combination.     

增蓝剂停留时间及对水质和浮游植物影响分析

水体遮光剂能干扰水下光照,抑制藻类生长。为了探讨水体遮光剂-增蓝剂在自然水体的作用情况,对围隔内增蓝剂的停留时间及水质、浮游藻类和沉水植物的变化特征进行分析。结果表明,当围隔水体中增蓝剂浓度为1 mg/L时,5周内其降解超过50%,9周后降解超过95%。与对照组相比,增蓝剂对围隔内总氮、总磷浓度无明显影响,易氧化成分的存在导致CODMn浓度升高至8.60 mg/L,但CODMn浓度随增蓝剂的降解逐步降至7.81 mg/L。在增蓝剂作用下水下光照度衰减明显,水深0.2 m处仅占水表面光强的21.16%,光衰减系数(k)为0.7 m-1。增蓝剂对藻类生长抑制作用明显,抑制率高达56.24%,但对金鱼藻生长无显著影响。     

三维电极法处理钻井废水影响因素分析

采取电化学法处理某钻井废水,考察了三维电极系统处理钻井废水时,废水浓度、电流密度、处理时间、电解质浓度和pH值对废水COD降解率的影响,实验结果表明,三维电极法处理钻井废水效果显著;增大电流密度、提高电解质浓度和延长处理时间能使COD去除率提高;最佳pH值为9。正交实验得到最优水平组合为A2B3C2D3E4,在此条件下COD去除率为86.56%。     

香港、广州、佛山和北京市政垃圾的成分比较及处理策略

现场采样分析了佛山市市政垃圾的组成和性质,比较了香港,广州,佛山和北京等４个城市市政垃圾的特征。４个城市的市政垃圾的组成和性质差别很大,北京市市政垃圾的煤灰含量很高,而香港的市政垃圾的张纸和塑料所占的百分比最大,根据香港固体废弃物的管理经验,广东省城市市政垃圾的处理方式和《中国二十一世纪仪程》,讨论了中国城市市政垃圾的性质和管理策略。     

Models for human exposure to air pollution

Four models for human exposure to air pollution are discussed and compared. The simple microenvironment monitoring model measures pollutant concentrations at fixed locations, regarded as proxies for similar locations or microenvironments. Since this model does not require pollutant measurements on the individual level, it is easy to implement. However, the model can only be used to estimate the average exposure in a population, and it does not provide any estimate of the variability and distribution of individual exposures. The replicated microenvironment monitoring model provides some estimates of the variability and distribution. However, because of the possible discrepancy between the microenvironment concentration distribution and the individual concentration distribution, some adjustment might be necessary. Integrated personal monitoring allows direct estimation of the average exposure as well as the variability and distribution of individual exposures. Coupled with the appropriate time budget data, a regression analysis can be applied to estimate the contribution from each microenvironment type. However, possible collinearity problems might result in low precision in those estimates. Moreover, it might be difficult to adjust for a possible Hawthorne effect. Continuous personal monitoring has the advantage of recording exposure in each microenvironment type separately, allowing direct estimation of the average exposure as well as the variability and distribution of exposures in each microenvironment type. Moreover, it can also be conducted in conjunction with a two-stage sampling scheme, using information from a large data base on activity patterns, thereby making more efficient use of the monitoring data. It is also easier to adjust for a possible Hawthorne effect in this design.     

全玻璃针筒注射器保存空气中甲烷和总烃的影响因素

采用全玻璃针筒取样/保存、双通道双毛细管柱测定非甲烷总烃分析方法,以甲烷标准气体样品、标准气体样品(TO-14、TO-15),以及3种实际环境空气样品为例,考察了全玻璃针筒注射器取样保存影响检测结果的若干因素。结果表明,样品的保存时间取决于以下因素:(1)样品性质,不同类型样品的保存时间差异大,化学反应活性强的样品,其总烃含量呈现先升高后降低趋势,甲烷则相对稳定;(2)样品浓度水平,相同条件下相同类型样品,浓度高的保存时间短于低浓度样品,如与环境空气浓度相仿的样品保存时间可超过60 h;(3)保存环境的避光程度,对于同一种VOCs标准气体样品,避光、半避光、非避光保存样品回收率迥异,趋势差别极大,对于部分样品即便是避光保存仍发现回收率变化极大;(4)全玻璃材质注射器的气密性,需对照技术规范要求,进行气密性的检查。