含碳气溶胶研究进展：有机碳和元素碳

含碳气溶胶是我国大气区域性复合型污染的重要物种,对全球气候变化、辐射强迫、能见度、环境质量、人类健康等会产生重要影响.主要从含碳气溶胶来源及成因、环境影响、样品采集及测试等方面对国内外相关研究进行了评述,讨论了有机碳和元素碳研究中存在的关键和难点问题,并对其发展前景进行了展望.     

改性沸石同步深度脱氮除磷的实验研究

以氯化铝、硫酸镁为活性剂,采取高温活化,对天然沸石进行改性,并通过正交试验优化了改性工艺。以模拟二级出水为研究对象,考察了改性沸石同步去除水样中氮磷的效果及其影响因素,并对不同温度下改性沸石对磷酸盐和氨氮的吸附平衡和吸附热力学,以及脱氮除磷机理进行了探讨。结果表明,15 min后改性沸石脱氮除磷过程基本完成,其pH值范围与实际污水相符,最佳pH值为8;当投加质量浓度为0.8 g/L时,出水中氨氮浓度和总磷浓度均达到景观环境用水水质标准(GB/T 18921-2002)。改性沸石对氨氮和磷酸盐的吸附均符合Langmuir等温吸附方程。热力学参数ΔG⁰、ΔH⁰分别为正值和负值,表明该吸附是一个自发的吸热过程。     

餐饮业油烟污染及治理技术浅议

餐饮业油烟污染空气 ,影响人体健康 ,应引起高度重视。治理技术设备主要有静电法、过滤法和洗涤法等方法 ,各种设备各有其优点和缺点 ,要不断创新完善 ,尽快使餐饮业油烟达标排放     

微砂+磁沉降快速除污工艺试验研究

为了探讨微砂在磁沉降快速除污工艺中的应用,设计了微砂和聚合氯化铝(PAC)的最佳组合试验,分析影响微砂在磁絮凝中絮凝效果的因素。结果表明:当微砂投加量为300 mg/L,PAC投加量为80 mg/L,磁场强度为300 mT,pH为6时,微砂在磁絮凝中具有最佳处理效果,对TSS、COD和TP去除率分别达到最大值93.66%、74.29%和89.10%。同时在投加微砂和磁沉降的共同作用下,水力停留时间仅为8 min。     

阳离子表面活性剂处理油田含聚合物废水

以7种常见的阳离子表面活性剂为絮凝剂,考察对海上某油田含聚合物废水的处理效果.实验结果表明:一定浓度时,十四烷基三甲基溴化铵和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵有很好的絮凝效果:阳离子季铵盐表面活性剂加入到含聚合物废水中后,先会与连续水相中的水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)发生静电中和作用,剩余的表面活性剂扩散至油水界面与界面处HPAM作用后破坏HPAM对油滴的稳定作用,从而达到絮凝效果;阳离子表面活性剂的加入量与含聚合物废水中HPAM的浓度密切相关.     

Leaching toxicity and heavy metal bioavailability of medical waste incineration fly ash

The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive risk assessment for medical waste incineration fly ash from another aspect through various leaching methods. The differences and connections between leaching concentrations achieved via the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), the physiologically based extraction test (PBET) and the sequential extraction procedure were also described. Heavy metal contents of the used medical waste incineration fly ash were 1.7–31 times higher than that from Japan, indicating poor medical waste management in China. The fly ash leaching concentration in the TCLP test exceeded the regulation value and can be characterized as hazardous waste under current regulations. However, the PBET concentrations were only 1/10 of the TCLP value or even lower, and the calculated ingested contents of all heavy metals were lower than tolerable daily intake, demonstrating that TCLP might have overestimated the environment risk to some degree. The leaching metal content of TCLP ranged from exchangeable to residual forms, and the leaching percentage varied from 7.75 to 92.55 %, while the content for PBET was equal to or lower than the exchangeable form.     

改性沸石负载纳米β-FeOOH对溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能

采用恒温水浴法制得纳米β-Fe OOH,将其负载在改性沸石(SMZ)上制得复合材料β-Fe OOH/SMZ。用β-Fe OOH/SMZ吸附溶液中的Cr(Ⅵ)。考察了吸附时间、溶液p H、初始Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度等因素对其吸附Cr(Ⅵ)效果的影响。实验结果表明:β-Fe OOH/SMZ对Cr(Ⅵ)的最佳吸附时间为5 h,适宜的溶液p H为6.0;随着初始Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度的增加,β-Fe OOH/SMZ对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量逐渐增加;在β-Fe OOH/SMZ加入量为5.0 g/L、溶液p H为6.0、初始Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度为250 mg/L、吸附温度为25℃的条件下,吸附量最高(为22.1 mg/g)。准二级动力学方程适用于描述β-Fe OOH/SMZ对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附过程。该吸附由多个过程共同控制,颗粒内扩散并非唯一控速步骤。Freundlich等温方程比D-R等温方程更适于描述Cr(Ⅵ)在β-Fe OOH/SMZ上的吸附行为,β-Fe OOH/SMZ对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附为多层吸附。     

吉林省东部山区干旱时空特征

基于吉林省东部山区13个气象站点1958—2009年逐月降水量数据,采用标准化降水指数(SPI)作为干旱评价因子,对吉林省东部山区干旱程度及时空特征进行分析。在时间上,吉林省东部山区干旱具有持续性的特点,干旱出现的频率在增加。在空间上,发生轻旱的空间分布面积最广,安图县、和龙市、延吉市、龙井市、图们市、梅河口市、通化县和集安市的东南部这些地区轻旱、中旱、重旱的程度均较为严重。     

Study on preparation and microwave absorption property of the core-nanoshell composite materials doped with La

Microwave absorbing material plays a great role in electromagnetic pollution controlling, electromagnetic interference shielding and stealth technology, etc. The core-nanoshell composite materials doped with La were prepared by a solid-state reaction method, which is applied to the electromagnetic wave absorption. The core is magnetic fly-ash hollow cenosphere, and the shell is the nanosized ferrite doped with La. The thermal decomposition process of the sample was investigated by thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis. The morphology and components of the composite materials were investigated by the X-ray diffraction analysis, the microstructure was observed by scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The results of vibrating sample magnetometer analysis indicated that the exchange-coupling interaction happens between ferrite of magnetic fly-ash hollow cenosphere and nanosized ferrite coating, which caused outstanding magnetic properties. The microwave absorbing property of the sample was measured by reflectivity far field radar cross section of radar microwave absorbing material with vector network analyzer. The results indicated that the exchange-coupling interaction enhanced magnetic loss of composite materials. Therefore, in the frequency of 5 GHz, the reflection coefficient can achieve -24 dB. It is better than single material and is consistent with requirements of the microwave absorbing material at the low-frequency absorption.     

电子垃圾拆解地稻田土壤和稻米中重金属污染评估

As、Cd、Cu、Pb等重金属是废旧电子电器产品(电子垃圾)拆解过程释放的一类重要的有害化学物质.大米是电子垃圾拆解地居民主要的食物,大米中的重金属含量直接关系到当地居民的食品安全和健康风险.本研究测定了广东省清远市电子垃圾拆解地4个拆解点稻田土壤和稻米中As、Cd、Cu和Pb的含量水平,并评估了土壤中重金属的生态风险和当地居民食用大米中的重金属的健康风险.电子垃圾拆解地稻田土壤中As、Cd、Cu和Pb的平均含量分别为8.9~9.4、0.73~1.94、75~195和54~87 mg·kg~(-1),稻米中As、Cd、Cu和Pb的平均含量分别为0.11~0.17、0.11~0.66、7.54~21.6和0.27~0.42 mg·kg~(-1)(以稻米干重计).电子垃圾拆解地土壤和稻米中Cd、Cu和Pb的含量是对照区的2~15倍,但As的含量与对照区无显著性差异.土壤中重金属的生态风险评估结果显示,电子垃圾拆解地稻田土壤中的Cd具有极强生态风险.当地居民膳食暴露风险评估结果提示,电子垃圾拆解地当地居民大米中的Cd和Cu可能存在较高健康风险,且Cd具有较高的致癌风险.