Hydrothermal carbonization of food waste and associated packaging materials for energy source generation

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a thermal conversion technique that converts food wastes and associated packaging materials to a valuable, energy-rich resource. Food waste collected from local restaurants was carbonized over time at different temperatures (225, 250 and 275 °C) and solids concentrations to determine how process conditions influence carbonization product properties and composition. Experiments were also conducted to determine the influence of packaging material on food waste carbonization. Results indicate the majority of initial carbon remains integrated within the solid-phase at the solids concentrations and reaction temperatures evaluated. Initial solids concentration influences carbon distribution because of increased compound solubilization, while changes in reaction temperature imparted little change on carbon distribution. The presence of packaging materials significantly influences the energy content of the recovered solids. As the proportion of packaging materials increase, the energy content of recovered solids decreases because of the low energetic retention associated with the packaging materials. HTC results in net positive energy balances at all conditions, except at a 5% (dry wt.) solids concentration. Carbonization of food waste and associated packaging materials also results in net positive balances, but energy needs for solids post-processing are significant. Advantages associated with carbonization are not fully realized when only evaluating process energetics. A more detailed life cycle assessment is needed for a more complete comparison of processes.     

湿法脱硫中真空皮带机脱水效果影响因素

针对多数电厂脱硫石膏含水率偏高的情况,对真空皮带脱水机效果的影响因素进行阐述,主要包括真空皮带脱水机中石膏浆液物料的特性影响、脱硫反应条件的影响和真空皮带脱水机影响因素及处理方法,并根据安徽淮南平圩发电有限责任公司脱硫工程一、二期运行情况提出部分建议。     

Present Development Situation of Transgenic Crops and Effect on Ecological Environment

In recent years, genetic engineering technology has been playing a great role in improving crops. As far as property is concerned, transgenic crops are mainly classified into three types. One is anti-herbicide crops; next is anti-disease and anti-insect pest transgenic crops. The third is high added-value transgenic crops, such as insulin tomatoes China has cultivated. We have successfully expressed hepatitis B virus surface antigen genes in tomatoes and potatoes. Besides, scientists have al…     

Spatio-temporal trends and influencing factors of PM2.5 concentrations in urban agglomerations in China between 2000 and 2016

An urban agglomeration (UA), similar to a megalopolis or a metropolitan area, is a region where cities and people are concentrated, and where air pollution has adversely impacted on sustainable and high quality development. Studies on the spatio-temporal trends and the factors which influence PM_2.5 concentrations may be used as a reference to support air pollution control policy for major UAs throughout the world. Nineteen UAs in China covering the years 2000–2016 were chosen as the research object, the PM_2.5 concentrations being used to reflect air pollution and being estimated from analysis of remote sensing images. The Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis method was used to study the spatio-temporal trends for PM_2.5 concentrations, and the Geodetector method was used to examine the factors influencing the PM_2.5 concentrations. The results revealed that (i) the temporal trend for the average values of the PM_2.5 concentrations in the UAs followed an inverted U-shaped curve and the inflection points of the curve occurred in 2007. (ii) The PM_2.5 concentrations in the UAs exhibited significant global spatial autocorrelation with the high–high type and the low–low type being the main categories. (iii) The rate of land urbanization and the structure of energy consumption were the main factors which influenced the PM_2.5 concentrations in the UAs.

     

Response of bacterial communities to mining activity in the alpine area of the Tianshan Mountain region,China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Anthropogenic activities, such as mining, influence soil bacterial community composition and microbial distributions. In the current study, the...     

How can government environmental enforcement and corporate environmental responsibility consensus reduce environmental emergencies?

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - Environmental emergencies have become a severe challenge to human society due to their great harmfulness, which seriously restrict the sustainable...     

Influences of sediment properties and macrophytes on phosphorous speciation in the intertidal marsh

Phosphorus (P) in wetlands is mainly bound to sediment in various species, which is essential to predict water column P levels. The purpose of this work is to understand the influences of sediment properties and vegetation types on P speciation. Sediments under four vegetation types in the tidal flat and offshore sandbar in Hangzhou Bay of China were collected seasonally. The rank order of P species in sediment based on concentration was exchangeable P (Exch-P)?相似文献   

不同水肥管理对太湖流域稻田磷素径流和渗漏损失的影响

于2010和2011年在太湖流域开展了为期2年的田间定位试验,对2种灌溉模式(常规连续淹灌与干湿交替节灌)和4种施肥管理(不施氮、常规尿素、控释BB肥与树脂包膜尿素)条件下稻田田面水和渗漏水总磷(TP)、溶解态磷(DP)和颗粒态磷(PP)浓度的动态变化及磷素径流和渗漏损失进行了研究.结果表明:田面水TP和DP浓度变化趋势相同,均在施肥后1 d达到最高值,之后急剧下降;渗漏水TP和DP浓度变化趋势也相同,均在施肥后7 d达到最高值,然后逐渐下降.PP是田面水磷素的主要形态,DP是渗漏水磷素的主要形态.节灌降低了田面水和渗漏水磷浓度但对DP/TP影响不大,同时降低了TP径流流失量(24.7%~57.4%)和渗漏淋失量(21.0%~25.3%).施氮增加了田面水和渗漏水的磷浓度,也导致了更高的TP径流和渗漏损失.与常规尿素相比,控释BB肥提高了田面水和渗漏水的磷浓度及TP损失量,而树脂包膜尿素降低了田面水和渗漏水的磷浓度和TP损失量.综上,干湿交替节灌结合树脂包膜尿素施用能有效降低稻田磷素径流和渗漏损失,削减农业面源污染.     

鄱阳湖水体颗粒物对3种典型藻类的生长及絮凝作用

研究了鄱阳湖水体颗粒物对3种典型藻类的生长及絮凝作用.以铜绿微囊藻(蓝藻)、四尾栅藻(绿藻)和菱形藻(硅藻)为研究对象,鄱阳湖采集沉积物为悬浮颗粒物,利用500 m L玻璃锥形瓶作为小型、光照均一体系,于此体系中研究了颗粒物对藻类生长的影响,使用混凝试验搅拌仪分别研究了颗粒物粒径、浓度和体系p H对颗粒物絮凝沉降藻细胞的影响.在小型光照均一体系中,20 mg·L-1(鄱阳湖悬浮颗粒物低浓度)和80 mg·L-1(鄱阳湖悬浮颗粒物高浓度)颗粒物对3种藻类的生长影响均较小.在颗粒物投加量为0.02 g·L-1时,60~300目颗粒物均促进藻类的絮凝沉降,并且随着颗粒物粒径(D50)的增大,藻细胞的絮凝沉降效率逐渐减小,而且粒径在1~25μm部分的颗粒在此过程中占主导地位.当颗粒物投加量由0.02 g·L-1升至1.28 g·L-1时,3种藻的絮凝沉降效率随之提高.在颗粒物投加量为0.02 g·L-1时,铜绿微囊藻、四尾栅藻和菱形藻的絮凝沉降效率仅为11.08%、15.87%和7.50%,当颗粒物浓度升至1.28 g·L-1时,3种藻的絮凝沉降效率分别达42.33%、41.72%、28.98%.在p H值6~10范围内,随着p H升高,颗粒物对蓝藻、绿藻的絮凝沉降作用逐渐减小,絮凝沉降效率分别从p H为6时的36.10%、35.07%降到p H为10时的16.25%、12.59%;而对硅藻的絮凝沉降作用不明显.由此可见,鄱阳湖水体颗粒物影响藻类的絮凝沉降过程,使藻类的群落结构发生变化.