Impact of environmental factors on gastric cancer: A review of the scientific evidence, human prevention and adaptation

Globally, gastric cancer (GC) ranks fifth in prevalence and third in fatalities, and shows a distinct geographical distribution in morbidity and mortality. Such a spatial pattern indicates that environmental factors could be an important contributor to GC. We reviewed a total of 135 relevant peer-reviewed articles and other literature published 1936–2019 to investigate the scientific evidence concerning the effects of environmental factors on GC worldwide. Environmental factors affect GC from the aspects of water, soil, air, radiation, and geology. Risk factors identified include water type, water pollution, water hardness, soil type, soil pollution, soil element content, climate change, air pollution, radiation, altitude, latitude, topography, and lithology; and most of them have an adverse impact on GC. Furthermore, we found that their effects followed five common rules: (1) the leading environmental factors that affect GC incidence and mortality vary by region, (2) the same environmental factors may have different effects on GC in different regions, (3) some different environmental factors have similar effects on GC in essence, (4) different environmental factors often interact to have combined or synergistic effects on GC, and (5) environmental factors can affect human factors to have an impact on GC. Environmental factors have a great impact on GC. Human beings may prevent GC by controlling carcinogenic factors, screening high-risk populations and providing symptomatic and rehabilitative treatments. Furthermore, adaptation measures are recommended to reduce GC risk on private and public levels. Future studies should transcend existing empirical studies to develop causal relationship models and focus on vulnerable population analysis.     

旱雨季岩溶地表河不同河段正构烷烃相态组成变化和来源解析

岩溶作用产生的无机碳可以在水生植物、微生物等作用下形成有机质,转化为较稳定的内源有机碳,这为寻找全球遗漏碳汇提供了新的突破口,而加强对岩溶区有机质的溯源研究是重要手段.为探究金佛山岩溶地表河溶解态、颗粒态和沉积物正构烷烃的含量、组分及来源,于2017年3月20日、9月26日分别在石钟溪上、中、下游进行采样,并利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对三相态正构烷烃的组分进行定量分析.结果显示,旱季溶解态、颗粒态和沉积物正构烷烃的平均含量分别为737 ng·L~(-1)、6108 ng·L~(-1)和7149 ng·g~(-1),雨季三者的平均含量分别为7129 ng·L~(-1)、8146 ng·L~(-1)和6213 ng·g~(-1).正构烷烃的含量整体表现为雨季高于旱季,以溶解态正构烷烃表现得最为显著,这主要由外源高等植物输入增多所致.旱季上、下游正构烷烃含量差异明显,以沉积物正构烷烃表现得最为显著,自上而下整体保持微升态势;雨季外源输入量较大,差异性减弱,整体变幅较小.不同季节降雨和气温的变化导致水动力条件、浊度及水温的不同,深刻地影响着不同相态和不同河段正构烷烃的来源和迁移.整体上,随着海拔降低,高等植物贡献度降低,水生植物和低等生物贡献度增高.当水动力条件较弱和浊度较低时,造成内源溶解有机质增多,同时会出现溶解态至颗粒态乃至沉积物的缓慢沉降迁移.     

特厚煤层综放工作面多参量监测预警分析

根据某矿12220工作面特厚煤层综放开采,穿越F16逆冲断层的特殊情况,为保证安全生产及时提供预警信息,采用微震、钻屑量、支架阻力、地表变形多种监测手段综合分析回采过程中的参量变化规律。结果表明:微震活动的峰值能量周期约为3 d,回采间距约为4.5 m,且断层下盘较上盘的微震事件能量更集中;钻屑量的统计分析发现最大值出现在上巷下帮7～11 m和下巷上帮9～11 m范围内,划定该区域为巷帮高应力集中区,并将平均钻屑量3 kg/m作为黄色预警临界值,3.5 kg/m作为红色预警临界值;另外,根据支架前、后柱阻力变化情况,划定了2个连续变化的高压力区,发现在初撑力偏低,甚至不接顶、虚顶情况下,支架梁顶部煤体受自重和构造应力作用易发生准脆性受拉断裂破坏,且在穿越逆冲断层的回采过程中,支架阻力峰值呈现由中下部向上部转移的变化规律;最后,通过对地表走向、倾向测点的变形量数据进行统计分析发现,走向面后84.9～284.8 m范围内下沉量较大,下沉速率增幅明显;而工作面倾向中部下沉量最大,整体下沉变形呈二次抛物型,其中下部下沉速率增幅明显。     

Estimation of daily PM2.5 concentration and its relationship with meteorological conditions in Beijing

When investigating the impact of air pollution on health, particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter(PM_(2.5)) is considered more harmful than particulates of other sizes. Therefore, studies of PM_(2.5) have attracted more attention. Beijing, the capital of China,is notorious for its serious air pollution problem, an issue which has been of great concern to the residents, government, and related institutes for decades. However, in China,significantly less time has been devoted to observing PM_(2.5) than for PM_(10). Especially before 2013, the density of the PM_(2.5) ground observation network was relatively low, and the distribution of observation stations was uneven. One solution is to estimate PM_(2.5) concentrations from the existing data on PM_(10). In the present study, by analyzing the relationship between the concentrations of PM_(2.5) and PM_(10), and the meteorological conditions for each season in Beijing from 2008 to 2014, a U-shaped relationship was found between the daily maximum wind speed and the daily PM concentration, including both PM_(2.5) and PM_(10). That is, the relationship between wind speed and PM concentration is not a simple positive or negative correlation in these wind directions; their relationship has a complex effect, with higher PM at low and high wind than for moderate winds.Additionally, in contrast to previous studies, we found that the PM_(2.5)/PM_(10) ratio is proportional to the mean relative humidity(MRH). According to this relationship, for each season we established a multiple nonlinear regression(MNLR) model to estimate the PM_(2.5) concentrations of the missing periods.     

刺芹侧耳对孔雀石绿的脱色降解及其产物分析

以白腐真菌刺芹侧耳(Pleurotus eryngii-Co007)为染料脱色菌株,研究三苯甲烷染料孔雀石绿的浓度、脱色p H、脱色温度及脱色时间对染料脱色的影响,并对降解产物进行紫外-可见吸收光谱分析、红外光谱分析、GC-MS分析和植物毒性实验,以揭示孔雀石绿可能的降解路径及其产物毒性.结果表明:在p H 6、30℃条件下,P.eryngii-Co007脱色降解200 mg·L-1孔雀石绿,9 h脱色率可达98.22%;孔雀石绿的降解产物主要包括4-(二甲氨基)二苯甲酮、4-(甲氨基)二苯甲酮和4-氨基二苯甲酮;推测孔雀石绿可能的降解路径为孔雀石绿中心碳的羟基化反应,随后中心碳迅速发生碳-碳键断裂,产生4-(二甲氨基)二苯甲酮,4-(二甲氨基)二苯甲酮经过两个连续的N-去甲基化过程,分别产生4-(甲氨基)二苯甲酮和4-氨基二苯甲酮;植物毒性实验表明,P.eryngii-Co007对孔雀石绿有较好的脱毒作用.综上,P.eryngii-Co007能高效脱色降解高浓度的孔雀石绿,同时可显著降低染料对植物的毒害作用.     

静电激发袋式除尘器的阻力特性实验研究

在烟气粉尘控制中,电除尘器和袋式除尘器各有特点,而静电激发袋式除尘器是2种除尘技术的联合。静电激发袋式除尘器利用电场"凝并"作用,提高对微细粉尘的除尘效率,还有利于降低除尘器运行阻力,延长滤袋使用寿命。该文在文献基础上,对电除尘、袋式除尘、电袋复合除尘的理论进行研究分析,建立了小型除尘器装置,设计实验。实验研究了荷电电压对除尘器阻力的影响以及粉尘在滤料表面沉积形态的影响。实验研究表明粉尘在荷电条件下发生凝并,并且在粉尘负荷相同条件下,小型除尘装置的阻力随着荷电电压的增加而减小,同时荷电粉尘在滤料表面的沉积形态越来越疏松。     

基于UNMIX模型对大气降雨中水溶性离子来源解析

对洛杉矾2005年1月至2015年1月的降水数据进行了分析,并通过UNMIX模型对降水中的无机离子成分进行了来源解析.结果表明,洛杉矶降水的pH均值为4.84,表现为轻度污染的弱酸性水平;降水的污染来源主要有3个,分别是二次污染源(50％)、海洋传输源(43％)、燃煤源及生物质燃烧源(7％);降水中离子解析结果与洛杉矶地区细颗粒物污染来源解析结果有较好的一致性,表明在细颗粒物化学成分缺失的情况下,降水离子可在一定程度上反应污染来源解析.     

高速铁路建设的环境影响分析及环保策略建议——以沪宁城际铁路为例

近年来高速铁路发展迅猛,与此同时高铁对沿线环境的影响及生态破坏已成为社会关注的热点问题,并引起国家及地方政府的高度重视.以沪宁城际高速铁路为研究案例,首先分析了高速铁路建设对沿线自然及生态环境影响的调查内容、方法和过程,然后论述了铁路噪声、振动电磁辐射、污水及固体废弃物对沿线环境的影响,并论述各类污染的生态防护措施.在此基础上,对沪宁城际铁路环保经验进行了总结归纳,最后提炼形成中国高速铁路建设发展的环保策略建议.     

基于降低温室效应的航空器运行策略

以航空器运行对环境造成温室效应的两个主要因素—CO_2和凝结尾为研究对象,通过绝对全球温变潜势(AGTP)建立科学统一的衡量标准,将CO_2和凝结尾对环境的影响转换为全球地表温度的改变,为降低温室效应提供依据。最后结合典型高空的探空资料对实际增温进行计算,对比分析25、50、100年时间水平下CO_2和凝结尾对全球地表温度造成的影响,为航空器降低温室效应提供飞行高度指导。     

可见光催化剂Ag_3PO_4/海泡石的制备及降解染料废水性能

以沉淀法、离子交换法和原位法制备了Ag_3PO_4/海泡石复合光催化剂,采用XRD、FTIR、UV-Vis-DRS对其结构进行了表征,以可见光驱动催化降解日落黄染料为探针反应,考察了制备方法对催化剂光催化性能的影响。结果表明:Ag_3PO_4与海泡石成功复合并产生了协同作用,催化剂中Ag_3PO_4均为立方晶型,部分Ag_3PO_4进入了海泡石层间,改变了其晶面有序性并拓宽了层间距,海泡石对Ag_3PO_4的复合提高了Ag_3PO_4的稳定性和光催化活性;其中,离子交换法制备的光催化剂中Ag_3PO_4与海泡石的复合程度最高,Ag_3PO_4稳定性最强,光催化活性最好,在可见光驱动下,该催化剂对50 mg/L的日落黄降解率可达97.16%,并且对其他3种50 mg/L的染料废水的降解率也在86%以上,此外,该催化剂再生2次后仍保持良好的活性和稳定性。