水溶液中活性成分对壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚光降解的影响

采用长波紫外灯(UV365)和模拟日光灯研究光化学活性成分对水溶液中壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NPEOs)光降解效率的影响,并讨论了光降解导致NPEOs成分分布的变化.研究表明,在UV365辐射下,亚硝酸根,Fe(Ⅲ),H2O2和腐殖酸(HA)等的存在对NPEOs96h的降解效率有较明显的促进作用;在模拟日光下,Mn(Ⅱ),Fe(Ⅲ),H2O2等对NPEOs的光降解也有一定的促进,而此条件下HA的存在则表现为对光降解的抑制作用.此外,还考察了NPEOs在不同比例的Fe(Ⅲ)-HA和Fe(Ⅲ)-H2O2复合体系中的光降解效率.除了导致光降解效率的提高外,活性成分的存在也会导致降解后NPEOs成分分布的变化.以在UV365辐射下为例,H2O2(1000 μmol·l-1)或Fe(Ⅲ)(10和100 μmol·l-1)的加入使反应后短链NPEOs所占比例从初始的22.52%明显提高至29.75%,29.89%和51.89%.这种成分分布的变化可能是由于长链NPEOs在降解过程中发生EO链衰减,从而使短链NPEOs成为其降解中间产物;或是由于长链NPEOs比其短链同系物具有更高的敏化降解速率所导致的.     

沙蚕暴露于石油烃、Cu2+和Cd2+毒性效应及乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的响应

采用浓度梯度污染暴露室内模拟方法,研究了沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis Grube)暴露于不同浓度的石油烃和重金属Cu2 、Cd2 的毒性效应及乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的响应.结果表明,石油烃和Cd2 、Cu2 对沙蚕均具有较强的毒性效应.暴露4 d和10 d后,石油烃LC50分别为440和110 μg·L-1,Cu2 分别为1 150和570 μg·L-1,Cd2 分别为5 090和2 500 μg·L-1,相应的生态毒性大小为:石油烃＞Cu2 ＞Cd2 .在Cd2 、Cu2 污染暴露条件下,沙蚕体内乙酰胆碱酯酶活性受到一定程度的抑制,但抑制率均低于50%.而在石油烃污染暴露条件下,沙蚕体内乙酰胆碱酯酶活性受到显著抑制,最高抑制率可达90%以上;而且,其乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的变化与石油烃的浓度显著相关.可见,乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的变化可以作为生物标志物,较灵敏地反映出石油烃对沙蚕的污染效应及其毒害作用.     

A statistic comparison of multi-element analysis of low atmospheric fine particles (PM2.5) using different spectroscopy techniques

Over the past few decades, the metal elements(MEs) in atmospheric particles have aroused great attention. Some well-established techniques have been used to measure particlebound MEs. However, each method has its own advantages and disadvantages in terms of complexity, accuracy, and specific elements of interest. In this study, the performances of inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry(ICP-OES) and total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy(TXRF) were evaluated for qualit...     

Two-step harmless treatment of secondary aluminum dross (SAD) by vacuum distillation and alkaline roasting

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Secondary aluminum dross (SAD) is classified as hazardous waste by many countries in the world because it contains a large number of toxic and...     

Modeling methyl isothiocyanate soil flux and emission ratio from a field following a chemigation of metam-sodium

Metam-sodium had become the most heavily used soil fumigant in recent years as the deadline approached for methyl bromide to phase out in January 2005. After application, metam-sodium decomposes rapidly to methyl isothiocyanate (MITC), a highly toxic compound capable of killing a wide spectrum of soil-borne pests. Inhalation risk of MITC ranked high among airborne agricultural pesticides in California. Information about off-gassing intensity and percentage of emission is essential for exposure risk assessment and mitigation measures, but is limited, especially for new application methods such as drip chemigation. Air concentrations of MITC were monitored around a field treated with metam-sodium through surface drip irrigation system. The field was tarped with plastic films before the chemigation. The air concentrations at receptor locations were simulated for the period of air monitoring with the Industrial Source Complex (ISC3) Dispersion Model, and soil flux density of MITC at various periods after chemigation was estimated through a back-calculation procedure. The estimated soil flux density of MITC showed a diurnal pattern, with the daytime flux stronger than nighttime. However, the average air concentration at nighttime was higher than that at daytime. Soil flux density peaked at 4.30 microg m-2 s-1 in the first 12-h period after chemigation, then declined with time. The MITC emission percentage in the first 60-h was 2.65% of applied mass, of which 57% occurred in the first 24-h after chemigation. The study indicated that the tarped bed drip application method of metam-sodium had a relatively good control of MITC emission from soil.     

城镇餐饮泔水离心脱水试验研究

简要介绍了城市餐饮泔水的来源、基本特征及目前主要处理技术方法,提出了餐饮泔水无害资源化新工艺。对提出的工艺中泔水离心脱水工序进行了试验研究,并得出最佳离心参数:时间5min、转速3200rmin。     

UASB处理低浓度城市生活污水的中试试验

研究1·2m3厌氧反应器(UASB),在自然温度(水温32~5℃)下,处理CODCr浓度为200mg/L左右的低浓度生活污水。实验采用颗粒污泥接种二次启动法。水处理系统在水温32~5℃范围内运行6个月的时间,UASB反应器在上升流速为1·4~1·7m/h,水力停留时间(HRT)为3·0~2·5h,CODCr有机污泥负荷(SLR)为0·06~0·13kg/(kg·d)时,去除效率比较稳定,CODCr去除率达40%~80%。     

山东崂山生物多样性及保护对策

根据多年来对青岛崂山生物资源的调查和文献资料,研究了崂山生物多样性的特点,分析了其在山东生物多样性保护中的地位,提出了崂山生物多样性保护对策和建议.研究表明:崂山生物多样性具有物种丰富度高、密度大,特有种、重点保护物种多,植物成分复杂,生态系统类型多样,古树名木众多,遗传多样性丰富的特点,崂山是山东乃至全国生物多样性保护的“关键区“之一.     

化学解耦联剂对活性污泥产率的控制作用

采用3,3',4',5-四氯水杨酰苯胺(TCS)作为代谢解耦联剂添加到活性污泥工艺中,进行连续曝气分批培养实验.结果表明:在TCS总投加量相同的情况下,采用一次性大剂量投加的污泥减量化效果好于分次小剂量投加.每d投加 12 mg TCS,污泥产量比对照下降了33%,而每2 d一次性投加24 mg TCS,污泥产量比对照下降了55%.污泥的CODCr去除能力有所下降,当一次性投加12 mg时,CODCr去除率比对照下降了12%,但出水氨氮及总氮质量浓度均未受影响.污泥的SVI有所上升,但沉降性能未见有明显变化.      

SBR法处理豆制品废水工艺条件的研究

用SBR法处理豆制品废水的试验表明,该系统具有较好的抗负荷冲击能力,进水COD在300～2000 mg/L之间变化,对系统不造成任何影响;考察了曝气时间、曝气量和污泥浓度等对去除效果的影响,试验结果表明,曝气时间和曝气量对处理效果影响很大,确定该反应系统最佳曝气时间是8 h,适宜的曝气量是800 L/h,而污泥浓度控制在4000 mg/L左右时,处理效率最高,采用进水顶出水的排水方式是可行的,确定系统的最佳排水比是3/5.厌氧段的插入可以减少剩余污泥的产量.