珠江口冬春季悬浮泥沙浓度遥感反演模式分析

利用珠江口2014年2月和2014年5月的高光谱遥感反射率和实测悬浮泥沙质量浓度数据进行了两波段悬浮泥沙遥感反演模式的研究。通过分析和对比发现,冬季2月悬浮泥沙质量浓度和光谱遥感反射率相关性较低（R2=0.422）,春季5月二者相关性较好R2=0.693。由于5月为珠江口丰水期,径流量增大,携带泥沙能力增强,存在因上升流引起的泥沙再悬浮现象。另外,丰水期存在咸淡水锋面和锋区附近的盐度梯度也导致悬浮泥沙质量浓度增大。悬浮泥沙质量浓度高,对光敏感,建立模式好。而2月珠江口为冬季枯水期,珠江口伶仃洋海域悬浮泥沙主要来自径流,径流量小,含沙量少,模式较5月差。     

白洋淀湿地芦苇根际土壤微生物电子传递体系(ETS)活性的研究

微生物电子传递体系(ETS)活性是反映微生物活性的一个重要指标。为了解湿地环境中微生物活性的特征,探讨湿地植物根际土壤微生物活性对湿地生态系统物质循环的影响,以白洋淀湿地典型植物芦苇为研究对象,分析了不同水位条件下芦苇根际土壤微生物ETS活性的季节变化规律。结果表明,根际土壤ETS活性季节变化明显,呈现先上升后下降的趋势。ETS活性在夏季较高,8月前后出现最大值,淹水区、水陆交错区和台地的最大值分别为0.08 mg O_2/(g·h)、0.084 mg O_2/(g·h)、0.13 mg O_2/(g·h),随后逐步下降;在冬季较低,淹水区、水陆交错区和台地的最小值分别为0.027mg O_2/(g·h)、0.037 mg O_2/(g·h)、0.045 mg O_2/(g·h),出现在12月前后,最大值约为最小值的3倍。相关性分析指出其活性变化与气温变化呈显著正相关(p0.01)。不同水位条件下ETS活性从大到小依次为台地、水陆交错区、淹水区。其中,台地区和水陆交错区根际土壤ETS活性与淹水区相比均存在显著差异(p0.01),其活性分别为淹水区的1.8倍和1.2倍。芦苇根际沉积物TN、NH+4及NO_3~-质量比呈现相似的季节变化趋势。最大值出现在6月1日,淹水区、水陆交错区、台地区TN质量比峰值的范围在2.8~3.4 mg/g,NH_4~+质量比峰值的范围在72.0~78.3μg/g,NO_3~-质量比峰值的范围在20.0~28.5μg/g;最小值出现在9—10月,淹水区、水陆交错区、台地区质量比最低值的范围在0.6~1.6 mg/g,NH+4质量比最低值的范围在8.1~15.0μg/g,NO_3~-质量比最低值的范围在5.1~9.7μg/g。其中,水陆交错区ETS活性与土壤中TN和NH+4质量比的相关性极其显著(p0.01),淹水区ETS活性与土壤中NH_4~+质量比相关性极其显著(p0.01),其他条件下ETS活性与土壤中氮素质量比均无显著相关性。由此可见,湿地植物根际土壤ETS活性不仅受到水位和气温变化的影响,还可能与土壤中TN和NH+4含量相关。因此,在评价湿地土壤质量变化时,除考虑土壤微生物量等敏感指标外,还应获得环境因素等其他信息,为正确快速评价土壤微生物群落和土壤质量变化提供参考。     

In‐well sediment incubators to evaluate microbial community stability and dynamics following bioimmobilization of uranium

An in‐well sediment incubator (ISI) was developed to investigate the stability and dynamics of sediment‐associated microbial communities to prevailing subsurface oxidizing or reducing conditions. Herein we describe the use of these devices at the Old Rifle Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action (UMTRA) site. During a seven‐month period in which oxidized Rifle Aquifer background sediment (RABS) were deployed in previously biostimulated wells under iron‐reducing conditions, cell densities of known iron‐reducing bacteria, including Geobacteraceae, increased significantly, showing the microbial community response to local subsurface conditions. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles of RABS following in situ deployment were strikingly similar to those of adjacent sediment cores, suggesting ISI results could be extrapolated to the native material of the test plots. Results for ISI deployment with laboratory‐reduced sediments showed only slight changes in community composition and pointed toward the ability of the ISI to monitor microbial community stability and response to subsurface conditions. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cochlodinium polykrikoides</Emphasis> blooms and clonal isolates from the northwest Atlantic coast cause rapid mortality in larvae of multiple bivalve species

Globally, many commercial bivalve populations have declined in recent decades. In addition to overharvesting and habitat loss, the increasing frequency and intensity of harmful algal blooms (HABs) are likely to contribute to bivalve losses, particularly in cases where blooms negatively impact larval stages. This paper reports on the lethal effects of clonal cultures and blooms of Cochlodinium polykrikoides from the US Atlantic coast on the larvae of three species of commercially and ecologically valuable bivalves: the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica), the bay scallop (Argopecten irradians), and the Northern quahog (hard clam; Mercenaria mercenaria). Both cultures and blooms of C. polykrikoides were highly toxic to all three species of bivalve larvae causing 80–100% mortality during 24- to 72-h exposures at concentrations of 1–2 × 10³ cells ml⁻¹. Toxicity was dependent on cell densities, growth stage of C. polykrikoides (i.e. cultures in exponential stage growth were more toxic than later stages), exposure time of larvae to cells (i.e. longer exposure caused higher mortality), the age of larvae (i.e. younger larvae were more sensitive), and the relative abundance of C. polykrikoides (i.e. the presence of other microalgae decreased toxicity). Free radical-scavenging enzymes (peroxidase and catalase) and the removal of C. polykrikoides cells (i.e. culture filtrate) significantly increased larval survival suggesting toxicity is maximized by contact with live cells and may involve labile toxins bound by these compounds including e.g. reactive oxygen species. The toxicity of C. polykrikoides to bivalve larvae was generally more severe than other HAB species (e.g. Karenia brevis, Karlodinium veneficum, Alexandrium tamarense, Prorocentrum minimum). Since the bivalves in this study spawn in the months when C. polykrikoides blooms on the east coast of North America, these results suggest that these blooms may have detrimental effects on efforts to restore these already diminished populations.     

Quinone profiles of microbial communities in sediments of Haihe River�CBohai Bay as influenced by heavy metals and environmental factors

A total of 11 sediment samples were collected from the sites along Haihe River?CBohai Bay, with site 1 at the beginning of Haihe River and site 11 in Bohai Bay, about 150 km away from site 1. Quinone profiles were used for the analysis of microbial community as influenced by pollutants in water and sediments, such as heavy metals, and other environmental factors. Nineteen species of quinones were found at site 1 while only six species at sites 10 and 11. Both the diversity of quinone species (DQ) and the number of quinones were higher in the sediments from Haihe River and the near-sea area of Bohai Bay than in those from the deep-sea area. The ?? diversity values were significantly higher, while Jaccard indexes of similarity were much lower among non-contiguous pairs of sites as compared with the contiguous ones. Cluster analysis indicated that quinone profiles may be grouped into two main clusters (sites 1?C7 and sites 8?C11), and there were higher similarities within the groups than between groups. Quinone species composition varied at different sites. Ubiquinones such as UQ-8, UQ-9, and UQ-10 and menaquinones such as MK-6, MK-7, MK-8 were isolated from all the sites and accounted for the largest proportions. Pearson correlation analysis revealed that both the number of quinone species and DQ correlated positively with total organic carbon contents in water and sediments, but negatively correlated with salinity and electroconductivity and did not correlate significantly with heavy metal contents in water.     

中国森林公园旅游业发展的就业效应分析

发展旅游业是扩大就业的重要渠道。森林公园旅游业是中国森林旅游业的主体。本文首先概述了中国森林公园建设与发展状况,并基于林业统计年鉴数据,分析中国森林公园旅游业发展及直接就业效应,进而采用投入产出法对森林公园旅游业的间接就业效应进行了测算,最后总结全文并提出相关政策建议。研究结果表明:森林公园旅游业持续发展的就业效应可观。测算数据显示,2011-2020年森林公园旅游业的总体就业量为512.1万人,其中直接和间接就业量分别为238.5万人和273.6万人。     

Impacts of Dung Combustion on the Carbon Cycle of Alpine Grassland of the North Tibetan Plateau

Alpine grassland of Tibet is a frangible ecosystem in terms of carbon (C) emission. Yak dung is an important resident energy with about 80 % of yak dung combusted for energy in the north Tibetan plateau. This paper investigated the impact of dung combustion on the C cycle of the alpine grassland ecosystem in north Tibet, China. During the growing season of 2011, from a field survey and household questionnaires, the main impacts of dung collection for fuel on the C cycle of the ecosystem were identified. (1) The C sequestration and storage capacity, including the dung-derived C stored in soil and C captured by vegetation, decreased. The net primary production decreased remarkably because of the reduction of dung returned to soil. (2) In a given period, more C was emitted to the atmosphere in the dung combustion situation than that in the dung returned to soil situation. (3) The energy grazing alpine meadow ecosystem changed into a net C source, and the net biome production of the ecosystem dropped to ?15.18 g C/m² year in the dung combustion situation, 42.95 g C/m² year less than that in the dung returned situation. To reduce the CO₂ emission derived from dung use, the proportion of dung combustion should be reduced and alternative renewable energy such as solar, wind, or hydro energy should be advocated, which is suitable for, and accessible to, the north Tibetan plateau.     

Prenatal evaluation and postnatal outcomes of fetal ovarian cysts

To evaluate the natural history and outcome of cases of fetal ovarian cyst under conservative prenatal treatment. A retrospective cohort study included patients diagnosed with fetal ovarian cysts was conducted between January 2008 to December 2016. Data including clinical data, sonographic feature and postnatal outcomes were obtained. One hundred and two cases were included for statistical analysis. The rate of spontaneous resolution was significantly higher among cases with simple than complex cysts (70/92 or 76.1% vs 2/10 or 20%, P < .01) and for cysts <4 cm than cysts ≥4 cm (50/56 or 89.3% vs 22/46 or 47.8%, P < .01). Ovarian torsion was confirmed in 5/102 (4.9%) cases; neither prenatal characteristics of cysts (complex: 2/10 or 20% vs simple: 3/92 or 3.3%, P = .07), nor their size ( ≥ 40 mm: 4/46 or 8.7% vs < 40 mm: 1/56 or 1.8%, P = .17) was predictive for ovarian torsion. 25/102 (24.5%) of cysts change in size or sonographic characteristics prenatally. Half of the complex cysts at the last prenatal scan are not ovarian in origin. 98/102 neonates (96.1%) were able to preserve both ovaries. Spontaneous resolution of ovarian cysts is predicted by cyst size and characteristics, whereas likelihood of torsion cannot be predicted.     

贾谊为何不被汉文帝所用

贾谊是西汉初杰出的政论家,他提出了一系列切中时弊且影响深远的政治主张,但他却不被汉文帝所重用,究其原因,乃是因为贾谊的主张损害了朝廷重臣等人的既得利益,而汉文帝以藩王身份继承皇位,皇权有限,在强大的政治压力下将他贬为长沙王太傅。之后贾谊被迁升为梁怀王太傅,因其削藩措施不符合汉文帝以诸侯王国拱卫西汉中央王朝的思路,故也不被汉文帝采用。