基于数据驱动的石化装置静态报警抑制策略研究

由生产状态变化引起的误报警频发,为解决现有针对基于状态报警的抑制方法缺乏完整性与定量分析的问题,提出了新的报警抑制策略。通过分析报警记录等数据库,对引起报警的生产条件进行结构化整定并量化,利用分类筛选与数据过滤找出基于状态的报警,再结合关联性分析和概率判断,建立了基于数据驱动的静态报警抑制策略。使用现场数据的试验证明了该方法的有效性。     

辽河表层沉积物重金属生态风险与综合毒性表征

采用ICP-MS测定了辽河26个支流表层沉积物间隙水中7种重金属(Pb、Cu、Cr、Zn、Ni、As、Cd)的含量,并应用间隙水毒性基准单位(IWCTU)和Nemeraw指数(NI)对间隙水重金属生态风险进行了评价;同时利用摇蚊幼虫活体生物毒性测试方法评估了辽河流域26个支流表层沉积物的综合毒性。研究结果显示,辽河支流表层沉积物间隙水7种重金属平均含量为:Pb 3.92μg·L-1,Cu 5.73μg·L-1,Cr 7.21μg·L-1,Zn 4.33μg·L-1,Ni 4.48μg·L-1,As 5.89μg·L-1,Cd 0.29μg·L-1,根据IWCTU值和NI值,柴河、养息牧、亮子河、凡河、付家窝堡、接官厅具有潜在的生态风险;综合毒性表征结果表明,柴河、长沟子河、付家窝堡、柳河、一统河、潮沟河表层沉积物对摇蚊幼虫具有较高毒性。结合重金属毒性和综合毒性分析,认为辽河流域支流表层沉积物毒性应该是由复合污染形成,而不仅仅是重金属污染。     

Kinetics of peanut shell pyrolysis and hydrolysis in subcritical water

Biomass is recognized as an important solution to energy and the environmental problems related to fossil fuel usage. The rational utilization of biomass waste is important not only for the prevention of environmental issues, but also for the effective utilization of natural resources. Pyrolysis and hyrolysis in subcritical water are promising processes for biomass waste conversion. This paper deals with hydrolysis and pyrolysis of peanut shells. Hydrolysis and pyrolysis kinetics of peanut shell wastes were investigated for the in-depth exploration of process mechanisms and for the control of the reactions. Hydrolysis kinetics was conducted in a temperature range of 180–240 °C. A simplified kinetic model to describe the hydrolysis of peanut shells was proposed. Hydrolysis activation energy as well as the pre-exponential factor was determined according to the model. The target products of peanut shell hydrolysis, reducing sugars, can reach up to 40.5 % (maximum yield) at 220 °C and 180 s. Pyrolysis characteristics were investigated. The results showed that three stages appeared in this thermal degradation process. Kinetic parameters in terms of apparent pyrolysis activation energy and pre-exponential factor were obtained by the Coats–Redfern method.     

流动注射双环己酮草酰二腙光度法测定水中的铜

为了克服传统分析法操作繁琐、分析时间长的缺陷,将流动注射分析技术和双环己酮草酰二腙光度法相结合,建立了测定工业废水中铜的快速、简便分析方法。方法的线性范围为0 mg/L～10 mg/L,分析速率可达55次/h,应用于工业废水样的测定,加标回收率在95.5%～104.0%之间,结果令人满意。     

MB1870型球磨机噪声治理

球磨机运转时噪声很大,不仅生产操作时工人难以承受,而且对周围居民的生活环境造成严重污染.我们采用约束型粘弹阻尼结构减震,并结合吸声、隔声和消声技术进行综合治理,取得了良好的降噪效果.     

降解酚的根瘤菌的研究

对两铢以铺代谢方式降解酚和离体固氮的根瘤菌(代号为:101-3,97-1)的特性进行了研究,其耐酚能力在1200ppm内,五天内能在完全培养基中把300ppm苯酚降解完;在含酚培养基中多次传代后,生长周期加快、产气,而结瘤特性丧失,但离体固氮酶活性比原菌株略有增加。经60ppm的吖啶橙处理后,获得的无质粒菌株,其降解酚的能力和结瘤特性完全消失,TTC(3-苯基-4-氮唑化氯)还原性增加,而革兰氏染色反应、运功性不变。     

A novel sigma coordinate system to simulate abrupt changes of underwater terrain in a hydrodynamic model: application to Lake Mead,USA

The sigma (SIG) coordinate system in ocean circulation simulation models results inevitably in horizontal pressure gradient error. This problem also emerges in models of deep lakes or reservoirs with the same characteristics of underwater terrain mutation. SIG coordinates reflect vertical relative stratification but cannot be used to calculate horizontal pressure gradient force in places with drastic topographic changes; this results in vertical water temperature and circulation errors. In deep lakes or reservoirs, differences in water density caused by the temperature difference between upper and lower water bodies is the primary cause of thermal stratification phenomena. Lake Mead was used as a case study on steep topography based on Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC) model in this study. SIG coordinates result in close agreement between the calibrated temperature time series at the top and middle water layers, but disparity in the bottom water layer. The error emerges in the horizontal pressure gradient error due to the SIG coordinate transformation. Neither increasing the vertical resolution nor adjusting the horizontal viscosity coefficient resolve this error. We test the sigma-zed (SGZ) coordinate which combines Z coordinate and SIG coordinate as a replacement for the SIG coordinate to find that they effectively reduce the model’s runtime and simulation efficiency. The vertical temperature distribution in SGZ coordinate mode is more accurate than the distribution in SIG coordinate mode. The Navier-Stokes horizontal gradient and advection diffusion equation results under SIG coordinates are very sensitive to the pressure gradient. The replacement also enhances resolution near the thermocline, facilitates reclosing of the water bottom and the equal sigma surface, lends significant advantages in terms of vertical temperature in the simulation for local deep water with steep terrain, and shortens runtime for 0.14 h. SGZ mixed coordinates are recommended in the simulation of deep lakes or reservoirs wherein the underwater topography is large (with abundant continuous deep trenches or reefs).

     

环糊精改性沸石制备方法及对对-硝基苯酚吸附性能的影响

在碱性条件下,β-环糊精与2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵合成了阳离子化的β-环糊精(CCD),并用于改性沸石获得环糊精改性沸石(CDMZ).研究了CCD合成条件对CDMZ吸附对.硝基苯酚性能的影响.结果表明,在2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵与β-环糊精的配比为7:1,溶液pH=13的合成条件下,合成的CCD改性沸石所得CDMZ对对-硝基苯酚的吸附能力最佳.同时研究了沸石改性前的活化处理,CCD改性沸石的初始浓度和改性时间对CDMZ吸附对-硝基苯酚性能的影响.实验表明,改性前用NaCl溶液活化沸石有助于CDMZ吸附性能的改善;当CCD改性沸石的初始浓度和改性时间分别为15 g/L(以β-环糊精计)和8 h时,所得CDMZ对对-硝基苯酚(120 mg/L)的吸附能力可达263.7μg/g.     

垂直气井和横向气管收集填埋气的特性比较

以欧洲最大的一家垃圾填埋场的运行为实例,分别从集气质量、抽吸负压、投资费用等方面,对垂直气井和横向气管2种不同的集气方式进行分析比较,总结其各自的特点及适用范围,为国内卫生填埋场的建设及运行控制提供参照和建议。     

Sources and patterns of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution in kitchen air,China

Twelve polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, multi-ringed compounds known to be carcinogenic in air of six domestic kitchens and four commercial kitchens of China were measured in 1999-2000. The mean concentration of total PAHs in commercial kitchens was 17 microg/m3, consisting mainly of 3- and 4-ring PAHs, and 7.6 microg/m3 in domestic kitchens, where 2- and 3-ring PAHs were predominant, especially naphthalene. The BaP levels in domestic kitchens were 0.0061-0.024 microg/m3 and 0.15- 0.44 microg/m3 in commercial kitchens. Conventional Chinese cooking methods were responsible for such heavy PAHs pollution. The comparative study for PAH levels in air during three different cooking practices: boiling, broiling and frying were conducted. It was found that boiling produced the least levels of PAHs. For fish, a low-fat food, frying it produced a larger amount of PAHs compared to broiling practice, except pyrene and anthracene. In commercial kitchens, PAHs came from two sources, cooking practice and oil-fumes, however the cooking practice had a more predominant contribution to PAHs in commercial kitchen air. In domestic kitchens, except for cooking practice and oil-fumes, there were other PAHs sources, such as smoking and other human activities in the domestic houses, where 3-4 ring PAHs mainly came from cooking practice. Naphthalene (NA, 2-ring PAHs) was the most predominant kind, mostly resulting from the evaporation of mothball containing a large quantity of NA, used to prevent clothes against moth. A fingerprint of oil-fumes was the abundance of 3-ring PAHs. Heating at the same temperature, the PAHs concentrations in different oil-fumes were lard > soybean oil > rape-seed oil. An increase in cooking temperature increased the levels of PAHs, especially acenaphthene.