半干旱地区环境因子与果园表层土壤水溶性Na~+累积的关系

综合环境因素影响下土壤中钠的迁移和累积是阐明土壤次生盐渍化演替规律的重要内容之一.本研究以甘肃省秦安县兴国镇郑川村的3个有代表性的盐渍化果园为研究对象.通过对苹果(Malus pumila Mill.)树生长危害期(4-8月)的环境因子(果园近地面空气温度、相对湿度、潜在蒸发量、降雨量、土温、土壤水分)进行定点定位监测以及果园土壤表层不同土层水溶性Na+的定期采样分析,利用相关和回归分析的方法,研究了半干旱地区果园表层土壤水溶性Na+与环境因子的关系.结果表明,气温升高有利于表层不同土层水溶性Na+的累积,空气相对湿度增大能抑制表层不同土层土壤水溶性Na+的累积.不同土层水溶性Na+的含量与土温呈正相关关系,与0～2 cm、2～5 cm、10～15 cm、15～20 cm、20～25 cm土层土壤水分含量呈负相关关系,与5～10 cm土层土壤水分含量呈正相关关系.水分亏值分别与0～2 cm、2～5 cm、10～15 cm、15～20 cm、20～25 cm土层水溶性Na+的含量呈正相关关系.与5～10 cm土层水溶性Na+的含量呈负相关关系,并科学的提出表层土壤5～10 cm土层是水溶性Na+对环境因子(蒸发量与降雨量)反应的灵敏层.     

吸附-厌氧序批式反应器对有机物的去除

用全脂奶粉配制废水,研究了吸附-厌氧序批式反应器(AB-ASBR)对有机物的去除效果和特性,并与普通厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)进行了比较.结果表明,AB-ASBR 能显著提高出水水质,当原水COD 为2000mg/L 时,其出水COD 在100mg/L 以下,COD 总去除率可达95%~96%.A 段进水后30min 内对COD 的去除率可达90%,以厌氧颗粒污泥对非溶解性COD 的初期快速吸附作用为主.B 段的半饱和常数(Ks)仅为5.4mg/L,厌氧颗粒污泥对COD 具有很好的亲和性,使B 段出水COD 低于普通厌氧序批式反应器.     

Roles of survival and dispersal in reintroduction success of Griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus).

The success of reintroduction programs greatly depends on the amount of mortality and dispersal of the released individuals. Although local environmental pressures are likely to play an important role in these processes, they have rarely been investigated because of the lack of spatial replicates of reintroduction. In the present study, we analyzed a 25-year data set encompassing 272 individuals released in five reintroduction programs of Griffon Vultures (Gyps fulvus) in France to examine the respective roles of survival and dispersal in program successes and failures. We use recent developments in multi-strata capture-recapture models to take into account tag loss in survival estimates and to consider and estimate dispersal among release areas. We also examined the effects of sex, age, time, area, and release status on survival, and we tested whether dispersal patterns among release areas were consistent with habitat selection theories. Results indicated that the survival of released adults was reduced during the first year after release, with no difference between sexes. Taking into account local observations only, we found that early survival rates varied across sites. However when we distinguished dispersal from mortality, early survival rates became equal across release sites. It thus appears that among reintroduction programs difference in failure and success was due to differential dispersal among release sites. We revealed asymmetrical patterns of dispersal due to conspecific attraction: dispersers selected the closest and the largest population. We showed that mortality can be homogeneous from one program to another while, on the contrary, dispersal is highly dependent on the matrix of established populations. Dispersal behavior is thus of major interest for metapopulation restoration and should be taken into account in planning reintroduction designs.     

内质网应激在不同钙水平下对母鼠氟暴露后仔鼠脑海马细胞的作用

为探讨内质网应激在不同饲料钙水平下对母鼠氟暴露后仔鼠脑海马细胞的作用,选用SD雌性大鼠75只,雄性大鼠25只,雌鼠随机分为对照组(DZ)、染氟组(RF)、低钙组(LG)、染氟低钙组(LF)和染氟高钙组(HF)。雌鼠染毒3个月,交配产仔,检测胎鼠与14日龄、28日龄仔鼠脑海马内质网应激伴侣分子BIP、CHOP和CRT蛋白表达水平。结果显示,与DZ组比,胎鼠、14日龄仔鼠RF组、LF组BIP、CHOP和CRT蛋白表达均显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.01),HF组BIP、CHOP和CRT蛋白表达均升高,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.05),28日龄仔鼠RF组BIP、CHOP蛋白表达显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.01),CRT蛋白表达升高,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.05),LF组BIP、CHOP和CRT蛋白表达均显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.01),HF组BIP、CHOP和CRT蛋白表达均显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.05)。与RF组比,胎鼠与14日龄、28日龄仔鼠LF组BIP、CHOP和CRT蛋白表达水平升高,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.01),胎鼠、14日龄仔鼠HF组BIP、CHOP和CRT蛋白表达水平下降,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.05),28日龄仔鼠BIP、CHOP蛋白表达水平下降,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.05)。研究表明,内质网应激可能参与了母鼠氟暴露致仔鼠脑损伤,高钙饲料可缓解母鼠氟暴露致仔鼠脑海马神经细胞的损伤,低钙饲料则进一步加剧了母鼠氟暴露致仔鼠脑海马神经细胞损伤。     

辣椒秸秆不同部位化学组分及厌氧发酵产沼气潜力

以辣椒苏椒16号为试验材料,调查统计了辣椒生物量和产废系数,并在实验室条件下,研究了辣椒秸秆不同部位理化特性及厌氧发酵产沼气潜力,及各部位对辣椒整株的影响.结果表明：辣椒秸秆生物量高达21t/hm²,产废系数为0.36.辣椒秸秆各部位间理化特性及产沼气潜力具有显著性差异（P<0.05）,产沼气潜力大小顺序为：叶（185.2mL/gVS）>茎（104.2mL/gVS）>根（68.9mL/gVS）.各部位对辣椒整株的影响主要表现在纤维素和碳水化合物的相对含量对其产沼气的影响.且根据经验分子式推测的理论产沼气量,对辣椒秸秆厌氧发酵产沼气转化率进行了评估,各部位转化率均较低,其原因有待进一步研究.     

黄土丘陵区土壤抗水蚀能力变化的动态评估

以黄土丘陵区典型小流域纸坊沟为研究对象,建立了土壤抗水蚀能力动态评价的指标体系,利用层次分析法对1938～2000年间研究区域的土壤抗水蚀能力进行了动态评估。引入土壤相对抗水蚀能力指标,并采用生态系统健康和承载力相关概念,研究了流域土壤抗水蚀能力偏离理想状态程度的变化情况,分析了其健康状态变化、恢复力和可恢复程度;通过与土地利用结构状态变化过程与恢复特性的比较,揭示了土壤抗水蚀能力对于土地利用结构变化的响应关系,指出了响应曲线中的滞后特点并对其产生的原因进行了分析。研究结果与前人所得的结果吻合较好,说明研究中采用的方法能够有效预测土壤抗水蚀能力,也可为水土保持恢复和管理工作提供科学支持。     

COSMOS,a spatially explicit model to simulate the epidemiology of Cosmopolites sordidus in banana fields

A stochastic individual-based model called COSMOS was developed to simulate the epidemiology of banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus, a major pest of banana fields. The model is based on simple rules of local movement of adults, egg laying of females, development and mortality, and infestation of larvae inside the banana plants. The biological parameters were estimated from the literature, and the model was validated at the small-plot scale. Simulated and observed distributions of attacks were similar except for five plots out of 18, using a Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. These exceptions may be explained by variation in predation of eggs and measurement error. An exhaustive sensitivity analysis using the Morris method showed that predation rate of eggs, demographic parameters of adults and mortality rate of larvae were the most influential parameters. COSMOS was therefore used to test different spatial arrangements of banana plants on the epidemiology of C. sordidus. Planting bananas in groups increased the time required to colonise plots but also the percentage of banana plants with severe attacks. Spatial heterogeneity of banana stages had no effect on time required to colonise plots but increased the mean level of attacks. Our model helps explain key factors of population dynamics and the epidemiology of this tropical pest.     

Intraguild predation and mesopredator release effect on long-lived prey

Complete extirpation of a species can generate cascading effects throughout an ecosystem, yet are precisely the goal of island eradications of pest species. “Mesopredator release effect”, an asymmetrical special case of intraguild predation, has been hypothesised as a possible indirect effect from eradications, where superpredator removal can generate a mesopredator increase which may increase the impact on their shared prey. Theoretically this suggests that for intraguild predators, the superpredator may protect the shared prey from mesopredation, and removal of superpredators alone is not recommended. We create a model of long-lived age-structured shared prey and explore the non-equilibrium dynamics of this system. The superpredator can impact all prey life-stages (adult survival and reproductive success) whereas the smaller mesopredator can only impact early life-stages (reproductive success). This model is independently tested with data from a closed oceanic island system where eradication of introduced intraguild predators is possible for conservation of threatened birds. Mesopredator release only occurs in strongly top-down moderated (resource-abundant) systems. Even when mesopredator release can occur, the negative impact of more mesopredators is outweighed by the benefit of superpredator removal, allowing recovery of the prey population. Results are robust to 10% variation in model parameters. The consideration of age-structured prey contradicts previous theoretical results for mesopredator release effect and intraguild predation. Superpredator eradication is vital for population recovery of long-lived insular species. Nonetheless island conservation must retain a whole-ecosystem perspective given the complex trophic relationships among multiple species on islands.     

Sterol production and phytosterol bioconversion in two species of heterotrophic protists, Oxyrrhis marina and Gyrodinium dominans

The kinetics and efficiency of sterol production and bioconversion of phytosterols in two heterotrophic protists Oxyrrhis marina and Gyrodinium dominans were examined by feeding them two different algal species (Rhodomonas salina and Dunaliella tertiolecta) differing in sterol profiles. R. salina contains predominantly brassicasterol (≅99%) and <2% cholesterol. The major sterols in D. tertiolecta are ergosterol (45–49%), 7-dehydroporiferasterol (29–31%) and fungisterol (21–26%). O. marina fed R. salina metabolized dietary brassicasterol to produce 22-dehydrocholesterol and cholesterol. O. marina fed D. tertiolecta metabolized dietary sterols to produce cholesterol, 22-dehydrocholesterol, brassicasterol and stigmasterol. G. dominans fed either R. salina or D. tertiolecta metabolized dietary sterols to make cholesterol, brassicasterol and a series of unknown sterols. When protists were fed R. salina, which contains cholesterol, the levels of cholesterol were increased to a magnitude of nearly 5- to 30-fold at the phytoplankton-heterotrophic protist interface, equivalent to a production of 172.5 ± 16.2 and 987.7 ± 377.7 ng cholesterol per mg R. salina carbon consumed by O. marina and G. dominans, respectively. When protists were fed D. tertiolecta, which contains no cholesterol, a net production of cholesterol by the protists ranged from 123.2 ± 30.6 to 871.8 ± 130.8 ng per mg algal C consumed. Cholesterol is not only the dominant sterol, but a critical precursor for many physiologically functional biochemicals in higher animal. As intermediates, these heterotrophic protists increase the amount of cholesterol at the phytoplankton–zooplankton interface available to higher trophic levels relative to zooplankton feeding on algae directly.     

Adsorption of microcystins by carbon nanotubes

The production of cyanobacterial toxins microcystins (MCs) by cyanobacterial bloom which may promote the growth of tumor in human liver is a growing environmental problem worldwide. In this paper, the adsorption of MC-RR and LR, which were extracted from cyanobacterial cells in Dianchi Lake in China, by carbon nanotubes (CNTs), wood-based activated carbon (ACs) and clays were investigated. Compared with ACs and clay materials of sepiolite, kaolinite and talc tested, CNTs were found to have a strong ability in the adsorption of MCs. At the concentrations of 21.5 mg l(-1) MC-RR and 9.6 mg l(-1) MC-LR in 50 mmol phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.0), the adsorption amounts of MCs by CNTs with the range of outside diameter from 2 to 10nm were 14.8 and 5.9 mg g(-1), which were about four times higher than those by other adsorbents tested. It was shown that with the decrease of CNTs outside diameters from 60 to 2 nm, the adsorption amount of MCs was apparently increased, however the size of CNTs particles formed in solution declined. This result implies that the size of CNTs tube pore that is fit for the molecular dimension of MCs plays a dominant role. Furthermore the specific surface area of CNTs was also found to be a factor in the adsorption of MCs. The results suggested that the selection of suitable size of CNTs as a kind of adsorbent is very important in the efficient eliminating MCs from drinking water in future.