太湖流域典型河流沉积物重金属污染特征及生态风险评价

武宜运河位于太湖西部贯穿大部分太湖入湖河流,其重金属污染的研究,对太湖重金属污染来源,流域管理具有重要的意义。因此,2012年8月对武宜运河全程底质调查,分析了沉积物中Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、Cr等元素,通过地累积指数评价、相关分析、潜在生态风险评价以及相关研究对比分析,得出以下结论:1)Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、Cr污染浓度均值为129.38,207.74,52.13,28.26,77.06 mg/kg,其中Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、Cr均超过毒性参考值(TRV),Cu超标达800%。Zn、Pb、Cr在世界湖泊沉积物中微量金属的范围(WCTMEL)内,Cu超出144%,Ni略低于WCTMEL;2)Ni-Cr、Zn-Pb具有较好的同源性。且Cu、Zn污染较高,达到"中—强"和"强"污染级别,Pb污染级别其次,Ni、Cr污染级别较低或无污染。可以排除武宜运河携带Ni、Cr污染物进入入湖河网的可能;3)Cu为武宜运河生态风险主要贡献因子。需加强工业园区地段重金属污染控制,减少污染来源,加大武宜运河对连同入湖水系的清水补充。     

两段式还原铬渣中Cr(Ⅵ)的试验研究

比对了多种还原剂处理六价铬的解毒效果,确定了焦亚硫酸钠、硫酸亚铁两段式还原处理铬渣浸出液中六价铬和总铬的还原剂投加顺序和投加量。结果表明,该技术能使解毒后铬渣中Cr6+浓度达到0.17 mg/L,满足HJ/T 301—2007《铬渣污染治理环境保护技术规范(暂行)》解毒后铬渣六价铬≤0.5 mg/的要求,且具有较好的长期稳定性,解毒彻底,可为该技术的工程应用提供理论依据。     

Electrochemical and spectroscopic characteristics of dissolved organic matter in a forest soil profile

Dissolved organic matter （DOM） represents one of the most mobile and reactive organic compounds in ecosystem and plays an important role in the fate and transport of soil organic pollutants, nutrient cycling and more importantly global climate change. Electrochemical methods were first employed to evaluate DOM redox properties, and spectroscopic approaches were utilized to obtain information concerning its composition and structure. DOM was extracted from a forest soil profile with five horizons. Differential pulse voltammetry indicated that there were more redox-active moieties in the DOM from upper horizons than in that from lower horizons. Cyclic voltammetry further showed that these moieties were reversible in electron transfer. Chronoamperometry was employed to quantify the electron transfer capacity of DOM, including electron acceptor capacity and electron donor capacity, both of which decreased sharply with increasing depth. FT-IR, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectra results suggested that DOM from the upper horizons was enriched with aromatic and humic structures while that from the lower horizons was rich in aliphatic carbon, which supported the findings obtained by electrochemical approaches. Electrochemical approaches combined with spectroscopic methods were applied to evaluate the characteristics of DOM extracted along a forest soil profile. The electrochemical properties of DOM, which can be rapidly and simply obtained, provide insight into the migration and transformation of DOM along a soil profile and will aid in better understanding of the biogeochemical role of DOM in natural environments.     

An online monitoring system for atmospheric nitrous acid (HONO) based on stripping coil and ion chromatography

A new instrument for measuring atmospheric nitrous acid(HONO) was developed,consisting of a double-wall glass stripping coil sampler coupled with ion chromatography(SC-IC).SC-IC is featured by small size(50 × 35 × 25 cm) and modular construction,including three independent parts:the sampling unit,the transfer and supporting unit,and the detection unit.High collection efficiency(> 99%) was achieved with 25 μmol/L Na2CO3 as absorption solution even in the presence of highly acidic compounds.This instrument has a detection limit of 8 pptv at 15 min time resolution,with a measurement uncertainty of 7%.Potential interferences from NOx,NO2+SO2,NO2+VOCs,HONO+O3,HNO3,peroxyacetyl nitrite(PAN) and particle nitrite were quantified in laboratory studies and were found to be insignificant under typical atmospheric conditions.Within the framework of the 3C-STAR project,inter-comparison between the SC-IC and LOPAP(long path liquid absorption photometer) was conducted at a rural site in the Pearl River Delta.Good agreement was achieved between the two instruments over three weeks.Both instruments determined a clear diurnal profile of ambient HONO concentrations from 0.1 to 2.5 ppbv.However,deviations were found for low ambient HONO concentrations(i.e.< 0.3 ppbv),which cannot be explained by previous investigated interference species.To accurately determine the HONO budget under illuminated conditions,more intercomparison of HONO measurement techniques is still needed in future studies,especially at low HONO concentrations.     

γ-Fe_2O_3/膨胀石墨复合材料吸附废水中六价铬的应用研究

介绍了采用溶胶凝胶法合成新型的复合材料-磁性的γ-Fe_2O_3膨胀石墨(MEG)复合材料。通过采用X-射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)以及X-光电子能谱仪(XPS)对该复合材料MEG进行了表征,结果表明MEG中γ一Fe_2O_3的粒径约为50nm,而且其中γ一Fe_2O_3和膨胀石墨通过C=O相互作用。复合材料MEG作为新型的六价铬吸附剂,通过吸附时间、初始溶液的pH值以及再生性对该吸附过程进行了考察。结果表明:在40 min内MEG吸附六价铬的过程基本达到平衡;在初始溶液的pH为3.5时,MEG对六价铬的最大吸附量可以达到16.4mg/g;而且该复合材料MEG重复使用3次后吸附效果基本没有下降。因此,复合材料MEG对于废水中六价铬的处理有选择性吸附作用,而且初始溶液的pH值对其吸附过程起着重要作用。     

浙江发酵制药大气污染物排放标准制订研究

该研究分析了浙江省发酵制药行业主要大气污染物的排放状况,识别出了发酵制药行业使用的主要有机溶剂,其中丙酮、乙酸乙酯、甲醇和乙醇是该行业使用频率最高的4种有机溶剂,并得到了行业的挥发性有机污染物的成分谱。评估了发酵制药企业大气污染防治现状,并对行业大气污染防治以及环境管理等方面存在的问题进行了深入剖析。最后从发酵制药企业内部污染防治、完善行业环境监管的角度提出了发酵制药行业污染防治的基本对策和制订地方发酵制药行业大气污染物排放标准的基本思路。     

凹凸棒石基复合材料处理印染废水的研究

以凹凸棒石为载体,钛酸四丁酯为原料,通过溶胶-凝胶法,制成TiO2/凹凸棒石基复合材料(TiO2/ATT),并对所制得的复合材料进行了XRD和BET表征。在波长为254 nm的16 W紫外灯光照下,以活性黑KN-B印染废水为脱色对象,分别探讨了TiO2/凹凸棒石复合材料的煅烧温度、投加量、活性黑KN-B染料的初始浓度、溶液的pH值和反应温度等因素对印染废水脱色率的影响。实验结果表明:用煅烧温度500℃的TiO2/凹凸棒石基复合材料处理活性黑KN-B印染废水,催化剂的投加量为15 g/L、活性黑KN-B的初始浓度为10 mg/L、pH小于7、反应温度为20℃时,光催化反应4 h内即能达到较高的去除率,对活性黑KN-B的脱色率可达95%以上。     

蒙脱石对Co2+吸附机理和性能研究

随着锂电池的广泛使用,废弃锂电池中所含的钴元素以离子形式开始进入地下水中。文章以吸附水中钴离子为研究内容。系统研究了吸附时间、溶液浓度、温度以及pH值对其吸附性能的影响。结果表明:蒙脱石对钴离子的平衡吸附时间约为1 h;在303 K下蒙脱石对钴离子的最大吸附量约为30.77 mg/g,且吸附方程可以用Langmuir模型进行良好的拟合;吸附行为符合拟二级动力学方程;最佳pH环境为弱酸性。     

高锰酸盐指数测定方法的现状及研究动态

较为全面地论述了高锰酸盐指数测定方法的发展及研究现状,指出研究试剂用量少、分析速度快、省时节能、简单易行,能同时测定多个样品的CODMn测定方法具有极为重要的意义,而研究与应用适应性强、污染少、运行可靠、性价比高的高锰酸盐指数在线监测仪则是CODMn监测的发展趋势。     

西南村镇生活污水处理技术适宜性研究分析

以玉溪市作为研究区,以CASS、DSTE、ABR一人工湿地集成处理工艺、厌氧段一土壤净化槽集成处理工艺等常用村镇生活污水处理工艺作为调查对象,在查明各工程实例运行功效的基础上,分析探讨了我国西南地区村镇生活污水处理技术的适宜性。