聚丙烯装置造粒系统改造后职业病危害因素调查

目的:了解聚丙烯装置造粒系统改造后的职业病危害状况,提出职业病危害的关键防护点。方法:对改造后的造粒系统进行职业卫生现状调查,确定了主要的职业病危害因素,并采用定点及个体的采样方式对工作场所的职业病危害因素进行了检测。结果:工作场所的噪声、个体粉尘、电离辐射及高温检测结果均符合国家职业卫生限值标准,定点粉尘检测结果为26.05~29.33mg/m3,超出国家限值要求。结论:确定了噪声、粉尘为该系统改造后的主要职业病危害因素,应对存在的职业病危害因素加强治理以降低工作场所职业病危害因素的浓(强)度,维护作业人员的身体健康。     

硅基多孔材料的表征及其对SO2的吸附性能

为增强火山灰反应的强度,提高对SO₂的脱除性能,以粉煤灰为原料采用两步水热合成法制备硅基多孔材料,并对制备的材料进行表征.结果表明:硅基多孔材料整体呈无序形态,主要成分为水化硅酸钙和CaCO₃,属于无定型的非晶相物质;由C、O、Si、Na、Ca等元素构成,主要以SiO₃2-、CO₃2-的形式存在;呈蜂窝和玻璃纤维的网状结构,内部空隙发达,比表面积较大,且存在有大量的吸附水和结合水.利用固定床反应器测定了硅基多孔材料对SO₂的吸附性能,在入口ρ（SO₂）为1 200 mg/m3、吸附温度为50℃、SO₂含氧量为9%、粒度为200目（0.075 mm）的条件下,SO₂的吸附量可达24.87 mg/g,脱硫率可达100%,与钙基吸附剂相比吸附量提高了74%;将吸附SO₂后的硅基多孔材料在700℃下焙烧3 h,可以继续吸附SO₂,重复使用率可达72.24%.由于SO₂在脱除过程中存在一定的化学反应,含氧量的增加能够提高其对SO₂的吸附量.研究显示,硅基多孔材料脱除SO₂的过程是由物理吸附和化学反应相结合的结果,其中由于制备的硅基多孔材料具有较大的比表面积和较为丰富的孔结构,有利于物理吸附;同时,在两步法制备硅基多孔材料的过程中使火山灰反应得到增强也同样提高了SO₂与硅基多孔材料的化学反应,进而增强了化学吸附的效果.      

改性柠檬渣的结构特征及其对Cu2+的吸附性能

为研究柠檬渣对污水中Cu2+的吸附性能,利用H₂SO₄与NaOH对柠檬渣进行改性制备吸附剂,并采用响应曲面法对制备工艺进行了优化. 测试了吸附剂的比表面积、孔容与孔径等性能,并利用红外光谱(IR)、紫外光谱(UV)、差热分析(TG-DTA)、X射线衍射(XRD)、电镜(SEM)和能谱(EDS)对吸附剂进行了表征. 通过响应面法优化后的最佳改性条件:H₂SO₄改性后的炭化温度为80 ℃,NaOH改性后的炭化温度为90 ℃,w(NaOH)∶w(H₂SO₄)为0.3.改性后的柠檬渣较原柠檬渣比表面积由88.3 m2/g增至392.2 m2/g,灰分率降低了90.7%,碘吸附值提高了近5倍,孔径分布主要是中孔;柠檬渣属于无定型结构,改性后的柠檬渣有CC生成,形成了芳香烃,表面形成了密集的孔;改性后柠檬渣主要由碳元素组成,从而能有效吸附Cu2+,对Cu2+的吸附率能达到85.3%. 由红外分析可知,改性后的柠檬渣吸附Cu2+后3 804 cm-1处的吸收峰消失,说明Cu2+取代了这个吸收峰所代表的官能团及部分O—H中的H+.      

浑河底泥古菌群落结构季节性变化特征

为探究不同水期河流底泥古菌群落结构特征,选取浑河底泥为研究对象,并于2014年4月(枯水期),9月(丰水期),11月(平水期)对浑河流域进行样品采样,通过PCR-DGGE技术获得3个水期古菌的DGGE指纹图谱,并进行数据分析.结果表明,平水期的古菌多样性和种群丰度都要好于枯水期和丰水期,多样性指数均高于2.10,种群丰度均高于0.94,且上游到下游均匀度波动平缓,数值维持在0.90左右,说明平水期浑河底泥古菌群落结构变化相对稳定.聚类分析结果表明,不同水期浑河底泥古菌群落结构多样性并没有明显的地区特征,但3个水期位于城市段的采样点的古菌亲缘性较为接近.冗余梯度分析(RDA)结果表明,枯水期时水中BOD5、p H和DO是影响古菌群落的主要因素;丰水期时水中的p H和NO-3-N是影响古菌群落的主要因素;平水期时水中的TP和NO-2-N是影响古菌群落的主要因素.     

Identifying the major fluorescent components responsible for ultrafiltration membrane fouling in different water sources

Three-dimensional fluorescence excitation–emission matrix(EEM) coupled with parallel factor analysis(PARAFAC) was performed for a total of 18 water samples taken from three water sources(two lakes and one wastewater treatment plant(WWTP) secondary effluent),with the purpose of identifying the major ultrafiltration(UF) membrane foulants in different water sources. Three fluorescent components(C1, C2 and C3) were identified,which represented terrestrially derived humic-like substances(C1), microbially derived humic-like substances(C2), and protein-like substances(C3). The correlations between the different fluorescent components and UF membrane fouling were analyzed. It was shown that for the WWTP secondary effluent, all three components(C1, C2 and C3) made a considerable contribution to the irreversible and total fouling of the UF membrane.However, for the two lakes, only the C3 exhibited a strong correlation with membrane fouling, indicating that the protein-like substances were the major membrane foulants in the lake waters. Significant attachment of C1, C2 and C3 to the UF membrane was also confirmed by mass balance analyses for the WWTP secondary effluent; while the attachment of C1 and C2 was shown to be negligible for the two lakes. The results may provide basic formation for developing suitable fouling control strategies for sustainable UF processes.     

甲硫醇在苏玛罐及气袋中稳定性研究

以硅烷化苏玛罐和Tedlar气袋为保存容器,干燥空气为本底,利用低温冷阱浓缩-气相色谱/质谱联用法检测,研究甲硫醇气体样品在不同容器、温度和浓度等条件下的浓度变化趋势.结果表明,甲硫醇样品使用Tedlar气袋采样并在4℃环境下保存时具有相对较好的稳定性,对于浓度在约3 ppb至20 ppb的样品其保存有效期可达96 h;当有一定量的二甲二硫共存时,可延长甲硫醇的保存期限,以保证结果的有效性与准确性.     

基于GMM模型的山东省能源消费主要驱动因素分析研究

山东省是中国的经济大省和人口大省,更是能源消费最大的省份.本文运用广义矩阵模型(GMM)对2000-2014年间山东省能源消费的驱动因素进行分析,结果表明:山东省能源消费总量呈不断上升趋势,各驱动因素中人口规模影响最大,其次为城市化水平和第二产业比重,对外贸易与GDP增长影响较小且都为负效应.因此,依靠相关法律法规合理控制人口增长和城市化进程有利于减少能源消费水平.本文根据最新统计数据深入研究山东省能源消费的主要驱动.     

探地雷达在加油站地下罐区泄漏检测中的应用

运用探地雷达进行加油站埋地罐区油品泄漏检测,先后对8座加油站进行了埋地罐区泄漏测试,发现某加油站埋地罐区的疑似泄漏区域,并对疑似泄漏区域进行了验证确认。     

Thermodynamic analysis on heavy metals partitioning impacted by moisture during the MSW incineration

A thermodynamic calculation was carried out to predict the behavior and speciation of heavy metals (HMs), Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd, during municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration with the different moisture levels. The calculation was based on the minimization of the total Gibbs free energy of the multi-components and multi-phases closed system reaching chemical equilibrium. The calculation also indicated the reaction directions and tendencies of HMs components. The impacts of chlorine additives (No PVC, 1%PVC, and 5%PVC) and moisture on the behavior of HMs were investigated at different temperature levels in the system (750 °C, 950 °C, and 1150 °C). Furthermore, because the incineration temperature falls down with the increase in moisture in waste, the co-influence of moisture and temperature in combusting MSW on the HMs was also studied with the given chlorine (as 1%PVC + 0.5%NaCl). The results showed that in the non-chlorine system, the impact of the moisture on Pb, Zn, and Cu was not significant, and the ratio of compound transformation was less than 10%, except the Cd compounds at 950 °C and 1150 °C. In the system with low chlorine (as 1%PVC) at constant temperature, the chlorides of HMs (Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cu) transferred to oxides, and when the content of chlorine rose up (as 5%PVC), the ratio of the chlorides of HMs (Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cu) transferring to oxides fell down noticeably. When the moisture varied together with the temperature, the Zn and Cu compounds transferred from chlorides to oxides with increase in moisture as well as decrease in temperature. At the temperature of 700–1000 °C, the impact of temperature on Pb and Cd was little and the moisture was the main factor; while at the temperature of 1000–1200 °C, the impact of increase in moisture and decrease in temperature on Pb and Cd was almost equal and reversed.     

输油管道冻胀安全性温度场有限元分析

冻土区输油管道在投产运行过程中,由于管道沿线受到冻融影响引起的管线变形破坏现象比较普遍。已建的中俄原油管线由漠河进入中国,经过我国北方多年冻土区和季节冻土区直至大庆。输油管道在寒区运行过程中与周围土体发生了热交换,使原自然土层热交换体系改变,进而对运行的管线造成不利的影响如冻胀和融沉。本文对此进行研究为管道安全运行提供参考依据。