南京市可吸入颗粒物（PM10）来源及防治对策

通过分析南京市可吸入颗粒物（PM10）来源分布特征,以及源贡献值和分担率的时空分布特征,提出南京市大气颗粒物污染防治对策;加强防治扬尘污染,巩固煤烟尘的治理成果,机动车尾气尘污染防治,提高环境监测能力和加强科学研究等措施。     

Mercury accumulation and dynamics in montane forests along an elevation gradient in Southwest China

Understanding atmospheric mercury (Hg) accumulation in remote montane forests is critical to assess the Hg ecological risk to wildlife and human health. To quantify impacts of vegetation, climatic and topographic factors on Hg accumulation in montane forests, we assessed the Hg distribution and stoichiometric relations among Hg, carbon (C), and nitrogen (N) in four forest types along the elevation of Mt. Gongga. Our results show that Hg concentration in plant tissues follows the descending order of litter > leaf, bark > root > branch > bole wood, indicating the importance of atmospheric Hg uptake by foliage for Hg accumulation in plants. The foliar Hg/C (from 237.0 ± 171.4 to 56.8 ± 27.7 µg/kg) and Hg/N (from 7.5 ± 3.9 to 2.5 ± 1.2 mg/kg) both decrease along the elevation. These elevation gradients are caused by the heterogeneity of vegetation uptake of atmospheric Hg and the variation of atmospheric Hg° concentrations at different altitudes. Organic soil Hg accumulation is controlled by forest types, topographic and climatic factors, with the highest concentration in the mixed forest (244.9 ± 55.7 µg/kg) and the lowest value in the alpine forest (151.9 ± 44.5 µg/kg). Further analysis suggests that soil Hg is positively correlated to C (r² = 0.66) and N (r² = 0.57), and Hg/C and Hg/N both increase with the soil depth. These stoichiometric relations highlight the combined effects from environmental and climatic factors which mediating legacy Hg accumulation and selective Hg absorption during processes of organic soil mineralization.     

Improved atmospheric mercury simulation using updated gas-particle partition and organic aerosol concentrations

The gaseous or particulate forms of divalent mercury (Hg^II) significantly impact the spatial distribution of atmospheric mercury concentration and deposition flux (FLX). In the new nested-grid GEOS-Chem model, we try to modify the Hg^II gas-particle partitioning relationship with synchronous and hourly observations at four sites in China. Observations of gaseous oxidized Hg (GOM), particulate-bound Hg (PBM), and PM_2.5 were used to derive an empirical gas-particle partitioning coefficient as a function of temperature (T) and organic aerosol (OA) concentrations under different relative humidity (RH). Results showed that with increasing RH, the dominant process of Hg^II gas-particle partitioning changed from physical adsorption to chemical desorption. And the dominant factor of Hg^II gas-particle partitioning changed from T to OA concentrations. We thus improved the simulated OA concentration field by introducing intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds (I/SVOCs) emission inventory into the model framework and refining the volatile distributions of I/SVOCs according to new filed tests in the recent literatures. Finally, normalized mean biases (NMBs) of monthly gaseous element mercury (GEM), GOM, PBM, WFLX were reduced from −33%–29%, 95%–300%, 64%–261%, 117%–122% to −13%–0%, −20%–80%, −31%–50%, −17%–23%. The improved model explains 69%–98% of the observed atmospheric Hg decrease during 2013–2020 and can serve as a useful tool to evaluate the effectiveness of the Minamata Convention on Mercury.     

浙江近岸海域海水和沉积物中铬形态分布特征研究

本研究在浙江近岸4个海域开展同步采样和观测,分析海水和沉积物中铬（Cr）形态分布特征。结果表明,表层海水总Cr浓度范围为0.405～0.653μg/L,Cr(Ⅵ)浓度范围为0.009～0.087μg/L;底层海水总Cr浓度范围为0.426～0.638μg/L,Cr(Ⅵ)范围为0.005～0.099μg/L,海水中Cr形态含量分布与深度无相关性。沉积物中Cr含量范围为50～82 mg/kg,以残渣态为主;有效态Cr的含量大小依次为有机结合态Cr>铁锰氧化物结合态Cr>离子交换态Cr>碳酸盐结合态Cr;沉积物中水溶态Cr(Ⅵ)含量范围为2.99～11.71μg/kg,小于0.02 mg/kg。上述结果表明,浙江近岸海域环境存在一定程度的Cr污染,但水溶态Cr(Ⅵ)含量低,潜在风险较小。     

Effect of filter-feeding fish silver carp on phytoplankton species and size distribution in surface water： A field study in water works

Silver carp were introduced into the pre-sedimentation pond to control excessive phytoplankton in raw water.The effectiveness of the filter-feeding silver carp on phytoplankton control and the effect of silver carp on phytoplankton community were investigated.The results showed that Microcystis could be effectively removed by silver carp stocked in the pre-sedimentation pond,and simultaneously,the concentration of single-cell phytoplankton increased obviously.The difference in phytoplankton species and singlecell phytoplankton size between in the water and in the gut of silver carp indicated that phytoplankton smaller than 5 μm,such as Chamydomonas and Platymonas,were almost not be filtered by silver carp,phytoplankton with the size between 5 and 20 μm could be partly filtered,and large size phytoplankton,mainly colony-forming Microcystis could be filtered almost completely.These filterfeeding characteristics directly caused the phytoplankton size distribution biased toward miniaturization.Therefore,this biological treatment using silver carp could be applied only to deal with groups of Microcystis-dominated eutrophic water,and was not appropriate in water bodies where single-cell micro phytoplankton were dominant.Especially when silver carp are used in water treatment,a cautious attitude should be taken based on the evaluation of phytoplankton biomass and species structure features in raw water.     

海洋石油平台导管架阴极保护监测数据分析与讨论

目的研究海洋石油平台腐蚀现状,确保导管架处于阴极保护状态。方法对近3年导管架阴极保护监测系统所采集的数据进行讨论,根据不同位置的电位电流传感器所获得的数据进行各个观测点位的腐蚀状态对比分析。结果通过对数据研究表明,该系统电位电流传感器所采集的数据翔实可靠,所收集到的导管架节点电极电位均在保护范围内。就现阶段而言,导管架牺牲阳极输出电流基本趋于稳定。结论该平台阴极保护监测设备运行良好,所测点位均处于阴极保护状态,且基本达到完全极化,对该海域新建平台防腐设计具有重要的参考价值。     

污泥活性炭对次甲基蓝废水的吸附

立足于污泥的资源化,利用化学活化法制得的污泥基活性炭,处理次甲基蓝染料废水.考察了污泥活性炭的粒径以及染料废水的pH值对染料脱色效果以及活性炭的吸附量的影响,并对吸附过程进行等温吸附线和吸附动力学分析.结果表明,在本研究的范围内,污泥活性炭的粒径越小、染料废水的pH值越高,则污泥活性炭对染料废水的吸附效果越好.当粒径在200目以上时,去除率及吸附量分别为88.2％和136.7 mg/g;当pH值为11时,去除率和吸附量分别为90.4％和91.9 mg/g.污泥活性炭对次甲基蓝染料的吸附脱除符合Langmuir吸附等温线和Lagergren准二级动力学方程.     

简析自然灾害地理研究的几个问题

在分析自然灾害地理研究中存在的问题和发展趋势的基础上，重点探讨了自然灾害地理研究的层次，并提出了自然灾害地理研究重点区域及重点研究领域等问题。     

基于网格脆弱性曲线的世界小麦旱灾风险评价

旱灾是世界上影响范围最广、造成农业损失最大的自然灾害之一,同时,在全球变化的背景下,旱灾风险呈现加重的趋势。评价农业旱灾风险并进行有效的防范是保障粮食安全的重要措施。借助EPIC模型,假定0.5°网格为均值单元,使用灌溉情景法模拟全球均值网格的小麦旱灾脆弱性曲线。结合历史气象数据评价全球小麦的干旱致灾因子,最后计算了全球小麦因旱灾导致的产量损失风险,并编绘了全球小麦旱灾风险图。结果显示:1中国、俄罗斯、美国/哈斯克斯坦为风险排名前三的国家,归一化后的风险指数分别为0.53、0.22和0.19;2春小麦的旱灾风险要高于冬小麦。在已有的作物旱灾风险评价研究基础上,同时兼顾了脆弱性评价的空间分辨率和表示精度,建立了与风险评价空间分辨率相一致的小麦旱灾脆弱性曲线,从而极大地提升了区域旱灾风险评价,特别是大尺度风险评价的准确度。     

宁夏电网220kV及以上线路保护传输通道优化策略

针对宁夏电网 220 kV 及以上部分线路保护信号传输通道配置存在的问题,按照“国家电网公司十八项电网重大反事故措施”具体要求对其进行了详细分析,并提出了相应的优化策略。应用结果表明:该优化策略体现了线路保护信号传输通道的有效性和合理性,使其安全可靠性得到显著提升