城市生活垃圾和污水处理厂剩余污泥混合发酵的原料配比优化研究

以城市生活垃圾和污水处理厂的剩余污泥为混合原料,研究了混合原料的不同配比对厌氧发酵过程及产气的影响。结果表明:城市生活垃圾与剩余污泥以挥发性固体(VS)质量比为2∶1混合后,厌氧发酵效果最好,累计产气量最高,达到8 721mL,发酵后的总固体(TS)、VS、COD去除率分别达43.65%、35.98%、47.88%;各实验组在发酵过程中的pH、氨氮浓度和碱度均在合理范围内,未对厌氧发酵反应造成影响;以适当配比的城市生活垃圾和剩余污泥为混合原料,进行中温联合厌氧发酵是可行的,联合厌氧发酵可以弥补单一原料的缺陷,在一定程度上改善厌氧发酵效果。     

添加炭基材料对蔬菜废物好氧堆肥进程和腐熟度的影响

以蔬菜废弃物辣椒秸秆和树叶为堆肥原料(CK),采用密闭式好氧堆肥工艺,研究了添加5%木本泥炭(T1)、5%活性炭(T2)和10%木本泥炭(T3)等炭基材料对堆肥p H、EC、CO2累积量、物料损失率、T值、C/N和发芽率指数的影响。结果显示,T2处理的p H在60 d后维持在8~9之间;EC值随着堆肥进行呈现先下降后升高再下降的趋势,最终CK、T1、T2和T3处理的EC值(m S/cm)分别降低了1.02、0.76、0.33和0.48;T2和T3处理的CO2累积量一直高于其他处理;所有处理的物料损失率均在20%以上;4个处理堆肥产品的T值分别为0.56、0.65、0.68和0.69;堆肥产品的发芽率指数分别为63.2%、69.3%、93.5%和86.1%。T值和发芽率指数显示T2和T3处理达到了腐熟阶段。结果表明,在蔬菜堆肥处理中添加炭基材料可改善堆肥产品的理化性质,加速堆肥物料的分解,有效地缩短堆肥周期和提高堆肥产品的腐熟度。     

Kinetics of peanut shell pyrolysis and hydrolysis in subcritical water

Biomass is recognized as an important solution to energy and the environmental problems related to fossil fuel usage. The rational utilization of biomass waste is important not only for the prevention of environmental issues, but also for the effective utilization of natural resources. Pyrolysis and hyrolysis in subcritical water are promising processes for biomass waste conversion. This paper deals with hydrolysis and pyrolysis of peanut shells. Hydrolysis and pyrolysis kinetics of peanut shell wastes were investigated for the in-depth exploration of process mechanisms and for the control of the reactions. Hydrolysis kinetics was conducted in a temperature range of 180–240 °C. A simplified kinetic model to describe the hydrolysis of peanut shells was proposed. Hydrolysis activation energy as well as the pre-exponential factor was determined according to the model. The target products of peanut shell hydrolysis, reducing sugars, can reach up to 40.5 % (maximum yield) at 220 °C and 180 s. Pyrolysis characteristics were investigated. The results showed that three stages appeared in this thermal degradation process. Kinetic parameters in terms of apparent pyrolysis activation energy and pre-exponential factor were obtained by the Coats–Redfern method.     

Development of Lignin and Nanocellulose Enhanced Bio PU Foams for Automotive Parts

The green rigid polyurethane (PU) foam has been developed with 100 % soy polyol after optimization of formulation ingredients and lignin has been introduced and isocyanate content reduced in the green rigid PU foam. The cellulosic nanofibers have also been successfully incorporated and dispersed in green rigid PU foam to improve the rigidity. The influence of nano cellulose fiber modification (enzymatic treatment, hydrophobic modification with latex) on the foam density, open cell content, foam raise height, water vapor, and mechanical properties of rigid PU foam were studied. The foamed structures were examined using scanning electron microscopy to determine the cell size and shape due to the addition of cellulosic nanofibers. The odor test were performed to evaluate the odor concentration 100 % soyol based PU foam including lignin and nanofiber and compared to 100 % synthetic based polyol PU foam. The experimental results indicated that the compression and impact properties improved due to the modification of nano cellulosic fibers. The odor concentration level of nanofiber reinforced rigid PU foam reduced significantly compared to 100 % PU foam due to the replacing of isocyanate content. It can be said that with an appropriate combination of replacing isocyanate by lignin and addition of nanofiber, rigid PU foam properties could be improved.     

Distribution of nutrients,heavy metals,and PAHs affected by sediment dredging in the Wujin'gang River basin flowing into Meiliang Bay of Lake Taihu

This paper's survey of the pollution of the Wujin'gang River is important because it is one of the main rivers flowing into Meiliang Bay of Lake Taihu in eastern China. Trace metals (TMs) in this paper are described according to their pollution index (P _i). Cluster analysis and correlation analysis are utilized for group sites and to assess co-contamination. Toxicity effect analysis was conducted using individual sediment quality guideline quotients (SQGQs) and mean SQGQs. The results showed that sediment from the Wujin'gang River basin was affected by nutrients, heavy metals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are an essential contamination source for both Meiliang Bay and Zhushan Bay of Lake Taihu. The discharge of TMs has significant correlations to total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP); however, no significant correlations were observed between the content of PAHs and TMs. Toxicity effect results show that sediment in the Wujin'gang River basin threatens sediment-dwelling organisms. The harmful effect was mainly caused by heavy metals especially Cd, Cr, Ni, and Cu. Sediment dredging is an effective way to control pollution from internal rivers especially for the pollution of TN and heavy metals in the Wujin'gang River basin.     

Estimation and characterization of unintentionally produced persistent organic pollutant emission from converter steelmaking processes

Unintentionally produced persistent organic pollutants (UP-POPs) including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) were characterized and quantified in stack gas and fly ash from the second ventilation systems in five typical converters in five different steelmaking plants. The 2378-substituted PCDD/Fs (2378-PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like PCB (dl-PCBs) toxic equivalents (TEQs) were 1.84–10.3 pg WHO-TEQ Nm^?3 in the stack gas and 5.59–87.6 pg WHO-TEQ g^?1 in the fly ash, and the PCN TEQs were 0.06–0.56 pg TEQ Nm^?3 in the stack gas and 0.03–0.08 pg TEQ g^?1 in the fly ash. The concentrations of UP-POPs in the present study were generally lower than those in other metallurgical processes, such as electric arc furnaces, iron ore sintering, and secondary metallurgical processes. Adding scrap metal might increase UP-POP emissions, indicating that raw material composition was a key influence on emissions. HxCDF, HpCDF, OCDF, HpCDD, and OCDD were the dominant PCDD/Fs in the stack gas and fly ash. TeCB and PeCB were dominant in the stack gas, but HxCB provided more to the total PCB concentrations in the fly ash. The lower chlorinated PCNs were dominant in all of the samples. The 2378-PCDD/F, dl-PCB, and PCN emission factors in stack gases from the steelmaking converter processes (per ton of steel produced) were 1.88–2.89, 0.14–0.76_, and 229–759 μg t^?1, respectively.     

Estimation of building-related construction and demolition waste in Shanghai

One methodology is proposed to estimate the quantification and composition of building-related construction and demolition (C&D) waste in a fast developing region like Shanghai, PR China. The varieties of structure types and building waste intensities due to the requirement of progressive building design and structure codes in different decades are considered in this regional C&D waste estimation study. It is concluded that approximately 13.71 million tons of C&D waste was generated in 2012 in Shanghai, of which more than 80% of this C&D waste was concrete, bricks and blocks. Analysis from this study can be applied to facilitate C&D waste governors and researchers the duty of formulating precise policies and specifications. As a matter of fact, at least a half of the enormous amount of C&D waste could be recycled if implementing proper recycling technologies and measures. The appropriate managements would be economically and environmentally beneficial to Shanghai where the per capita per year output of C&D waste has been as high as 842 kg in 2010.     

聚甲亚胺酰胺树脂对水中Cu~(2+)的吸附

制备了聚甲亚胺酰胺树脂,对其进行傅里叶变换红外光谱分析。采用批处理方法实验了pH、铜离子初始浓度、吸附时间、吸附剂用量对吸附量的影响,研究了等温吸附模型和吸附动力学模型。优化后的吸附条件为:在铜离子溶液体积50 mL、初始浓度为300 mg/L、pH为6.0时,吸附剂投放量50 mg、吸附时间60 min,此时吸附量达到269.1 mg/g,去除率达89.7%。25℃时在研究浓度范围内,铜离子吸附过程用Langmuir等温线模型和Freundlich等温线模型描述均可;与准一级动力学方程、Elovich方程及内扩散方程相比,准二级动力学方程能更好地描述其吸附动力学过程。     

介质阻挡放电协同Ag/Al_2O_3对NO_x脱除的影响

为有效去除发电厂烟气中产生的NOx,利用介质阻挡放电(DBD)产生低温等离子体并结合催化剂Ag/Al2O3进行烟气脱硝实验,研究了在加入乙烯的条件下,平均负载量、催化温度和装置的布置方式对NOx脱除的影响。结果表明,随着负载的增多,NO脱除率呈现先增大后减小的趋势,5种负载量中最佳为1.76%;随着催化温度的升高,NO脱除率同样呈现先增大后减小的趋势,最佳的催化温度为150℃左右;3种不同布置方式对NO和NOx脱除有明显差别,单独催化剂在NO和NOx的脱除率都比较低;单独介质阻挡放电NO脱除率很高,但是NOx很却很低;而两者结合在NO和NOx都达到了很好的效果。     

重庆主城区秋冬季逆温对空气质量影响的观测分析

2013年9—11月利用RPG-HATPRO地基多通道微波辐射计对重庆主城区大气进行连续探测,统计了大气逆温情况,并对典型重污染天气下大气逆温与空气质量状况进行综合分析。结果表明,逆温出现的频率为63.3%,基本为接地逆温类型,逆温层厚度为953 m,逆温强度为0.3℃/hm;逆温的存在为气溶胶的积聚和凝聚创造了有利条件。