Influence of pore structure on biologically activated carbon performance and biofilm microbial characteristics

• Pore structure affects biologically activated carbon performance. • Pore structure determines organic matter (OM) removal mechanism. • Microbial community structure is related to pore structure and OM removal. Optimizing the characteristics of granular activated carbon (GAC) can improve the performance of biologically activated carbon (BAC) filters, and iodine value has always been the principal index for GAC selection. However, in this study, among three types of GAC treating the same humic acid-contaminated water, one had an iodine value 35% lower than the other two, but the dissolved organic carbon removal efficiency of its BAC was less than 5% away from the others. Iodine value was found to influence the removal of different organic fractions instead of the total removal efficiency. Based on the removal and biological characteristics, two possible mechanisms of organic matter removal during steady-state were suggested. For GAC with poor micropore volume and iodine value, high molecular weight substances (3500–9000 Da) were removed mainly through degradation by microorganisms, and the biodegraded organics (soluble microbial by-products,<3500 Da) were released because of the low adsorption capacity of activated carbon. For GAC with higher micropore volume and iodine value, organics with low molecular weight (<3500 Da) were more easily removed, first being adsorbed by micropores and then biodegraded by the biofilm. The biomass was determined by the pore volume with pore diameters greater than 100 μm, but did not correspond to the removal efficiency. Nevertheless, the microbial community structure was coordinate with both the pore structure and the organic removal characteristics. The findings provide a theoretical basis for selecting GAC for the BAC process based on its pore structure.     

氯化铁和硫酸铁对酸性土壤中有效态镉和铅污染的修复作用

采用浸泡实验法研究了氯化铁和硫酸铁对酸性土壤中有效态镉和铅污染的修复效果,结果表明,氯化铁和硫酸铁均能有效去除土壤有效态镉和铅污染,Fe(Ⅲ)用量为50~100 mmol/kg时,有效态Cd和Pb的去除效果可达70%~96%。氯化铁和硫酸铁能去除土壤中的水溶态、碳酸盐结合态、腐殖酸结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态和强有机结合态Cd和Pb及交换态Cd。氯化铁和硫酸铁对Cd均既有洗脱修复作用又有固定修复作用,且洗脱修复作用的贡献稍大;氯化铁用量较小时(50 mmol/kg)对Pb既有固定修复又有洗脱修复作用,固定修复作用稍大;用量较大时(100 mmol /kg),对Pb只有洗脱修复作用。硫酸铁对Pb的修复作用则以固定修复作用为主,洗脱修复作用很小。     

大型垃圾填埋场垃圾稳定化研究

本文对大型垃圾填埋场内不同填埋时间垃圾四个组分 (总糖、有机质、生物可降解物和粗纤维 )含量进行了分析 ,并对各指标随填埋时间的变化趋势进行了讨论。结果表明 :在试验场封场后不久 ,垃圾取样均匀性不能保证 ,各指标随时间变化波动很大 ;封场 71 8d后 ,各指标随时间变化呈现一定的规律性 ,垃圾的生物可降解物含量变化能较好地反映垃圾的降解规律。     

Progress in quantitative research on the relationship between atmospheric oxidation and air quality

Atmospheric oxidizing capacity (AOC) is an essential driving force of troposphere chemistry and self-cleaning, but the definition of AOC and its quantitative representation remain uncertain. Driven by national demand for air pollution control in recent years, Chinese scholars have carried out studies on theories of atmospheric chemistry and have made considerable progress in AOC research. This paper will give a brief review of these developments. First, AOC indexes were established that represent apparent atmospheric oxidizing ability (AOIe) and potential atmospheric oxidizing ability (AOIp) based on aspects of macrothermodynamics and microdynamics, respectively. A closed study refined the quantitative contributions of heterogeneous chemistry to AOC in Beijing, and these AOC methods were further applied in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and key areas across the country. In addition, the detection of ground or vertical profiles for atmospheric OH·, HO₂·, NO₃· radicals and reservoir molecules can now be obtained with domestic instruments in diverse environments. Moreover, laboratory smoke chamber simulations revealed heterogeneous processes involving reactions of O₃ and NO₂, which are typical oxidants in the surface/interface atmosphere, and the evolutionary and budgetary implications of atmospheric oxidants reacting under multispecies, multiphase and multi-interface conditions were obtained. Finally, based on the GRAPES-CUACE adjoint model improved by Chinese scholars, simulations of key substances affecting atmospheric oxidation and secondary organic and inorganic aerosol formation have been optimized. Normalized numerical simulations of AOIe and AOIp were performed, and regional coordination of AOC was adjusted. An optimized plan for controlling O₃ and PM_2.5 was analyzed by scenario simulation.     

气液膜接触器分离混合气中CO2过程研究

建立了膜接触器吸收CO2 ,溶液热再生连续循环实验装置 ,评价了疏水性PP(聚丙烯 )微孔膜 ,MDEA(N 甲基二乙醇胺 )溶液及添加活化剂PZ(哌嗪 )的活化MDEA溶液吸收CO2 传质过程。结果表明 :在溶液浓度 2 5mol L ,气速0 5～ 3 0L min,液速 15～ 15 0mL min时 ,总传质系数Kov为 1 0× 10 - 5～ 3 6× 10 - 5m s(MDEA) ,1 6× 10 - 5～ 4 5×10 - 5m s(MDEA +PZ)。采用阻力层无因次关联方程模型预测Kov值 ,计算值和实验值符合较好。基于模型和实验结果 ,将PZ的吸收行为作为溶液的活化作用 ,在计算Kov值时 ,考虑活化作用因素并归结于化学增强因子E中 ,模型能更好地预测实验结果。实验证明在单一醇胺组份MDEA中添加少量PZ能提高总传质系数Kov值     

Effects of simulated acid rain on cation release in soils of South China

This paper deals with the release of base cations and Al3+ at the treatment with simulated acid rain (SAR) in main soil types collected from South China. Results showed that the amounts of base cations increased obviously when the pH value of simulated acid rain was lower than 3.0 or 3.5. Compared with the leaching of K+ and Na+, the leaching of Ca2+ and Mg2+ was affected by the pH value of SAR. Only when the amounts of base cations leached from soils exceeded the cation exchange capacity, the pH value of leaching solutions decreased sharply and the amounts of released Al3+ increased. The H+ buffering mechanisms, which were affected notonly by the pH values of SAR, but also by the types and solid components of soils, were proposed for the main soils studied.     

长江流域典型城市水生态环境特征解析及综合整治对策

以长江流域典型城市为研究对象,估算长江干流、主要支流和通江湖城市COD、氨氮、TN和TP污染排放负荷,梳理典型城市水环境质量、水生态、水资源和水安全特征。结果表明,长江流域内56个城市COD、氨氮、TN、TP的排放量分别为193.78万、15.57万、31.01万和2.18万t/a,流域内大部分城市主要污染源为城市生活源,但工业源和城市面源不容忽视。近年来,流域内城市面源排放负荷占比升高,部分城市水生态系统遭到破坏,存在水质型和资源型缺水、水资源开发利用不合理、非常规水利用率低等问题,导致部分城市仍存在水生态环境安全风险。在此基础上提出了流域内城市“十四五”时期水生态环境综合整治对策建议。

     

治理油类污染军港的一种新型处理系统

本文概述了设计集油污水接纳，分离处理，分析监控于一体的军港舰船油污水处理系统。该系统能全方位，快速安全地解决舰船油污水的接纳难题。该系统分离技术可靠，工艺设计合理，实用性好，适用性强，运用费用低，处理效果佳，达到了防止军港污染，保护海洋环境这一目的，收到了较好的环境，社会和经济效益。     

大气中挥发性苯系物的Carbotrap吸附气相色谱法

本文研究以Ｃａｒｂｏｔｒａｐ作吸附剂，在常温采集大气中挥发性苯系物，直接采用热脱附气相色谱分析。对新型吸附剂Ｃａｒｂｏｔｒａｐ的采样－脱附－分析精度，回收率，突破体积等作了试验。本法具有灵敏度高，操作简单，不需复杂的样品预处理，色谱峰好，吸附剂可反复使用等优点。可对大气中１０－９级苯系物进行测定，ＲＳＤ≤３．５％。     

生态技术创新政府启动模式的机理与启示

生态技术创新是经济可持续发展的必要条件。由于环境资源的公共性，时滞性等特点，政府在生态技术创新过程中发挥重要的作用，是企业生态技术创新的主要推动力。政府启动模式的本 于政府借助法律或经济手段促使企业部分边际外部费用内部化。