Composition analysis and application of degradation products of whole feathers through a large scale of fermentation

Purpose

Feathers are one of the most abundant bioresources. They are discarded as waste in most cases and could cause environmental pollution. On the other hand, keratin constituted by amino acids is the main component of feathers. In this article, we reported on biorefined feathers and integrants and application of degraded products.

Materials and methods

The fermentation of whole chicken feathers with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia DHHJ in a scale-up of a 5-L bioreactor was investigated in this article. The fermentation process was controlled at 0.08 MPa pressure, 2.5 L/min airflow, and 300 rpm as 100% oxygen saturation level, 40°C, and pH 7.8.

Results

Feathers were almost completely degraded in the tested fermentation reaction with the following conditions: 80 g of whole feathers in 3 L fermentation broth for 72 h, seed age of 16 h, 100 mL inoculation amount, and 50% oxygen saturation level. The degraded products contain 397.1 mg/L soluble protein that has mass weight ranging from 10 to 160 kD, 336.9 mg/L amino acids, and many kinds of metal ions. The fermentation broth was evaluated as leaf fertilizer and found to increase plant growth to 82% or 66% for two- or fourfold dilutions, respectively. In addition, in a hair care assay, the broth showed a hair protective function by increasing weight, flexibility, and strength of the treated hair.

Conclusions

The whole feathers were degraded completely by S. maltophilia DHHJ. The degraded product includes many factors to life, such as peptides, amino acids, and mineral elements. It could be applied as leaf fertilizer and hair care product.     

改性粉煤灰合成沸石对甲基橙的吸附动力学

以粉煤灰(FA)为原料,采用水热晶化一步法制备了Na P1型沸石(ZFA),对合成产物的结构进行了表征,并采用阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)对其进行改性。通过静态吸附实验,研究了改性后Na P1型沸石(MZFA)对水溶液中甲基橙的吸附特性,从动力学角度探讨了吸附机理。结果表明,在所研究的浓度条件下,改性Na P1型沸石对甲基橙的吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附方程,在25℃时,静态饱和吸附量(Qm)为64.76 mg/g。动力学分析表明,改性Na P1型沸石对溶液中甲基橙的吸附符合准二级动力学模型。     

Role of cosubstrate and bioaccessibility played in the enhanced anaerobic biodegradation of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in a paddy soil by nitrate and methyl-β-cyclodextrin amendments

The present study was conducted to investigate the anaerobic biodegradation potential of biostimulation by nitrate (KNO₃) and methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MCD) addition on an aged organochlorine pesticide (OCP)-contaminated paddy soil. After 180 days of incubation, total OCP biodegradation was highest in soil receiving the addition of nitrate and MCD simultaneously and then followed by nitrate addition, MCD addition, and control. The highest biodegradation of chlordanes, hexachlorocyclohexanes, endosulfans, and total OCPs was 74.3, 63.5, 51.2, and 65.1 %, respectively. Meanwhile, MCD addition significantly increased OCP bioaccessibility (p?<?0.05) evaluated by Tenax TA extraction and a three-compartment model method. Moreover, the addition of nitrate and MCD also obtained the highest values of soil microbial activities, including soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, ATP production, denitrifying bacteria count, and nitrate reductase activity. Such similar trend between OCP biodegradation and soil-denitrifying activities suggests a close relationship between OCP biodegradation and N cycling and the indirect/direct involvement of soil microorganisms, especially denitrifying microorganisms in the anaerobic biodegradation of OCPs.     

Integrating purifiers in refinery hydrogen networks: a retrofit case study

Hydrogen is an important utility in the production of clean fuels such as low-sulfur gasoline and diesel. The shortage of hydrogen resource motivates the integrated management of hydrogen networks with purifiers. In this paper, we propose a systematic approach for the retrofit design of these hydrogen networks. By establishing a state-space superstructure, all possible placements of existing compressors and purifiers are incorporated in the proposed MINLP model. Total annual cost (TAC) is employed as the optimizing object to understand the trade-offs between operating cost and capital cost. A real refinery system near Shanghai of China city is used to illustrate the applicability of the approach.     

中国石化安全信息管理平台的设计与开发

阐述了中国石化安全信息管理平台的设计思想和主要功能,通过实施中国石化内部网运行的安全信息管理系统,为中国石化安全管理信息化提供了应用平台.     

Could biochar amendment be a tool to improve soil availability and plant uptake of phosphorus? A meta-analysis of published experiments

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - As one of the most important nutrients for plant growth, phosphorus was often poorly available in soil. While biochar addition induced improvement of...     

危机管理体制构建与政府职能转变--后非典时期对于突发公共灾害处置的思考

本文以公共卫生危机和社会突发事件为个案,以政府面对这些危机所面临的挑战和取得的经验为研究对象,分析公共危机产生的原因和基本特征,提出了面对公共危机时应建立政府危机管理的预警系统,建立快速反应机制,动员社会参与危机救治,加强信息流通,加强公共危机的法制化建设.     

我国东部矿区生态系统退化机理初探

煤炭开采已经给矿区生态系统带来了极大的危害，使矿区生态系统的生产力不断下降，矿区生态系统正在发生退化。华东地区是我国的主要煤炭产区，该地区为高潜水位区域，因此该地区的生态退化具有其独特性，地表塌陷引起的土壤盐渍化、地面积水、水土流失等是引起这一地区生态系统退化的主要原因。