Simultaneous quantification of fifty-one odor-causing compounds in drinking water using gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry

A wide range of compounds with various structural features can cause taste and odor(TO)problems in drinking water. It would be desirable to determine all of these compounds using a simple analytical method. In this paper, a sensitive method combining liquid–liquid extraction(LLE) with gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry(GC–MS/MS)was established to simultaneously analyze 51 odor-causing compounds in drinking water,including organic sulfides, aldehydes, benzenes, phenols, ethers, esters, ketones, nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds, 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin. Three deuterated analogs of target analytes, dimethyl disulfide-d6, benzaldehyde-d6 and o-cresol-3,4,5,6-d4,were used to correct the variations in recovery, and five isotope-labeled internal standards(4-chlorotoluene-d4, 1, 4-dichlorobenzene-d4, naphthalene-d8, acenaphthene-d10, phenanthrene-d10 respectively) were used prior to analysis to correct the variations arising from instrument fluctuations and injection errors. The calibration curves of the target compounds showed good linearity(R2 0.99, level = 7),and method detection limits(MDLs) below 1/10 of the odor threshold concentrations were achieved for most of the odorants(0.10–20.55 ng/L). The average recoveries of most of the analytes in tap water samples were between 70% and 120%, and the method was reproducible(RSD 20%, n = 7). Additionally, concentrations of odor-causing compounds in water samples collected from three drinking water treatment plants(DWTPs) were analyzed by this method.According to the results, dimethyl trisulfide, dimethyl disulfide and indole were considered to be the key odorants responsible for the swampy/septic odor. 2-Methylisoborneol and geosmin were detected as the main odor-causing compounds for musty/earthy odor in DWTP B.     

One-step synthesis of Cu(II) metal–organic gel as recyclable material for rapid, efficient and size selective cationic dyes adsorption

Efficient removal of non-biodegradable and hazardous dyes from wastewater remains a hot research topic. Herein, a rationally designed a Cu(Ⅱ)-based metal–organic gel(Cu-MOG) with a nanoporous 3 D network structure prepared via a simple one-step mixing method was successfully employed for the removal of cationic dyes. The Cu-MOG exhibited high efficiency, with an adsorption capacity of up to 650.32 mg/g, and rapid adsorption efficiency, with the ability to adsorb 80% of Neutral Red within 1 min. The high adsorption efficiency was attributed to its large specific surface area, which enabled it to massively bind cationic dyes through electrostatic interaction, and a nanoporous structure that promoted intra-pore diffusion. Remarkably, the Cu-MOG displayed size-selective adsorption, based on adsorption studies concerning dyes of different sizes as calculated by density functional theory. Additionally, the adsorption performance of the Cu-MOG still maintained removal efficiency of 100% after three regeneration cycles. These results suggested that the Cu-MOG could be expected to be a promising and competitive candidate to conveniently process wastewater.     

Enzyme-electrolytic degradation of dichloromethane: Efficiency, kinetics and mechanism

Enzymatic electrolysis cell(EEC) has advantages over microbial electrolysis cell(MEC) due to the needless of microbe inoculation and high-efficiency of enzymatic reaction. In this study, an EEC was first applied to achieve the effective degradation of halogenated organic pollutants and dichloromethane(CH_2Cl_2) was utilized as a model pollutant. The results indicate that the degradation efficiency of CH_2Cl_2 after 2 hr reaction in the EEC was almost100%, which was significantly higher than that with enzyme(51.1%) or current(19.0%). The current induced the continuous regeneration of reduced glutathione(GSH), thus CH_2Cl_2 was degraded under the catalysis of GSH-dependent dehalogenase through stepwise dechlorination, and successively formed monochloromethane(CH_3Cl) and methane(CH_4). The kinetic result shows that with a current of 15 mA, the maximum specific degradation rate of CH_2Cl_2(3.77 × 10~(-3) hr~(-1)) was increased by 5.7 times. The optimum condition for CH_2Cl_2 dechlorination was also obtained with pH, current and temperature of 7.0, 15 mA and 35°C,respectively. Importantly, this study helps to understand the behavior of enzymes and the fate of halogenated organic pollutants with EEC, providing a possible treatment technology for halogenated organic pollutants.     

直升机机载产品环境鉴定试验故障分析

目的探究机载产品在鉴定试验阶段故障频发的原因,并改进机载产品研制流程中的不足之处。方法收集某型直升机机载产品50项环境鉴定试验故障,并对环境试验故障进行分析。结果环境试验故障主要为三防及振动试验故障,其故障发生的原因主要为材料及表面处理方法选用不当、设计缺陷和质量控制程序不够严格。结论针对该分析结果提出机载产品在设计过程中,需要通过尽早安排环境研制性试验、建立环境数据库、模拟仿真进行环境适应性设计和加强质量管理等措施,避免机载产品在鉴定试验阶段故障频发的问题。     

典型平原地区生活垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤重金属赋存形态分布特征及生物有效性评价

为考察并掌握典型平原地区生活垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤中重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Ni和Zn的污染现状,以上海市某生活垃圾焚烧厂为例,研究其周边土壤中重金属赋存形态分布特征及生物有效性,采用Tessier连续提取法结合电感耦合等离子体发射光谱检测分析表层土壤中目标重金属总量及形态分布,并利用风险评估编码法（RAC）评价其生态风险水平.结果表明:研究区域土壤中Pb和Zn主要以Fe-Mn氧化物结合态和残渣态为主（>80%）;Cr、Cu和Ni则以残渣态为主（>60%）;Cd虽以残渣态为主（>50%）,但与其他重金属相比,其碳酸盐结合态占比相对较高.生物有效性分析结果显示,Cr、Cu和Ni以惰性态为主,生物有效性低,而潜在可利用态Cd、Pb和Zn占比较高,存在较高的释放风险.土壤中各重金属潜在生态风险水平由高到低依次为Cd > Zn > Pb > Cu > Ni > Cr,其中,Cu、Pb和Zn处于低风险水平,Cr和Ni处于无风险水平,而Cd处于中等风险水平.研究显示,该垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤中重金属已存在不同程度的污染累积,其中,潜在可利用态Cd的占比较高,已达中等风险水平,应引起重视.      

某型飞机4号油箱结构损伤分析及修复评估

目的 某型双座机使用中发现4号油箱存在不同程度结构损伤,分析其损伤原因和制定修理方案。方法 对4号油箱结构状态进行深入检查评估后,从结构损伤过程、载荷情况、设计制造和外场使用等方面综合分析损伤原因。对实际损伤结构进行强度计算和评估,制定结构损伤补强修理方案,并提出修理改进建议。结果 通过分析得出,损伤原因主要是4号油箱局部存在设计制造缺陷,且飞机在作大过载飞行时,4号油箱可能处于满油或大量余油的高负载状态。根据损伤原因制定的修理方案合理可行,通过了静强度校核和评估。结论 基于该损伤结构提出的修理方案通过实际修理验证,能够满足油箱结构强度设计要求,提出的改进建议能够改善飞机疲劳品质。     

杭州市工业源VOCs排放清单及排放特征

杭州市作为2016年国际峰会、2022年亚运会等一系列重大活动的举办地,对VOC源排放清单的研究,尤其是工业源VOCs的影响越来越受到管理部门和当地居民的重视.通过采取自下而上的方式,首次对杭州市涉及VOCs排放的30多个行业的3 518家企业逐一进行了详细的调查和估算,并在此基础上建立了杭州市工业源VOCs排放清单.从区域排放、排放强度、空间分布等不同角度对杭州市工业源VOCs排放特征进行了系统分析.研究结果表明,2015年杭州市工业源VOCs排放量为36 839.5 t;印刷和记录媒介复制、化学原料和化学制品制造、金属制品、纺织、橡胶和塑料制品行业是杭州市工业源VOCs排放量最大的五个行业;排放总量最大是萧山区,其次是富阳区和大江东产业集聚区;工业源VOCs排放强度最高的区域为富阳区、建德市和临安市;工业源VOCs排放主要集中在萧山区、大江东、富阳区、余杭区等工业企业较为密集的区域.     

厦门杏林湾水系表层沉积物中PAHs分析与风险评估

利用ASE-GC-MS(加速溶剂萃取与气相色谱质谱仪联用)方法分析了USEPA(美国环保署)16种优控PAHs在厦门城郊杏林湾水系的19个表层沉积物样点中的含量,并对其组成、来源和风险进行了探讨.结果表明,杏林湾水系表层沉积物中PAHs含量介于413.00~2 748.81 ng·g-1,均值为949.56 ng·g-1;在检测出的13种PAHs中,强致癌性的Bk F和Bghi P检出率高达73.68%,均值分别为69.15 ng·g-1和49.86 ng·g-1;PAHs以2~4环为主,其中2+3环比例均值为61.03%,4环比例均值为23.53%;5和6环均值为15.82%.在所采集的沉积物样品中,中度污染占调查样品数的68.42%,高度污染的占31.58%.利用Ant/(Ant+Phe)和Fla/(Fla+Pyr)比值法和主成分分析方法对杏林湾流域中PAHs其来源进行分析,以及平均沉积物质量基准商(m SQG-Q)法进行生态风险评估,结果表明其PAHs的主要来源为石油源以及石油燃烧源;SQG-Q小于0.50;综合含量、组成特征以及沉积物质量基准商等评价表明,研究区域内靠近杏林工业区一侧的2、3、5和9号采样区以及13号港头采样区表层沉积物中PAHs具有较高的生态安全风险;值得进一步关注.     

湖南慈利马尾松树轮宽度对气候的响应及1854年以来冬季极端低温重建

利用采自湖南慈利的马尾松树轮样本,建立研究区的标准树轮宽度年表。树轮气候响应分析发现:马尾松径向生长与月最大日降水量在生长季之前部分月份显著负相关(p0.05),在生长季之内部分月份显著正相关(p0.05),与月平均温度、月平均最低温度、月极端最低温度在生长季之前和之内大多月份均显著正相关(p0.05),其中与上一年11月到当年2月(冬季)的平均极端最低温度相关最好(r=0.62,p0.01)。重建了湖南慈利地区1854年以来冬季极端最低温度,重建气温在十年尺度上表现出明显的反"S"型,1854—1916年和1981—2015年处于暖冬时期,1917—1980年处于寒冬时期。此外,共发现29个寒冬年,其中包括3个寒冬时段,分别为1922—1925年、1927—1930年和1953—1960年,其中1953—1960年是自1854年以来最冷的时段。空间相关性分析表明重建序列可以指示我国中东部的冬季低温变化,而冬季低温可能与热带印度洋、西太平洋海温变化异常有关。     

京津冀城市群冬季二次PM2.5的时空分布特征

二次组分是造成京津冀城市群冬季PM_2.5污染的重要因素.采用CO示踪法,估算2017～2021年冬季京津冀城市群二次PM_2.5浓度,并分析其时空分布特征,探讨区域二次PM_2.5的影响因素.结果表明,2017～2021年冬季京津冀区域PM_2.5浓度下降趋势明显,河北中南部一次PM_2.5下降幅度最大,二次PM_2.5浓度年际波动平稳,北京和天津二次PM_2.5占比明显高于其他城市.随着污染程度加剧,一次PM_2.5和二次PM_2.5质量浓度均有不同程度的增加,二次PM_2.5占比呈显著增大趋势.与直接测量结果相比,CO示踪法获得的结果偏低,与冬季CO浓度较高,一次PM_2.5浓度高估有关,选取合适的一次气溶胶基准值是改进该方法,获取合理估算值的关键.