利用城市污泥堆肥及建筑弃土种植麦冬研究

将污泥堆肥产品分别与建筑弃土按0%、10%、20%、30%、40%和50%(湿重)的比例配制营养土,以麦冬为例进行180 d的栽培实验,分析了营养土对麦冬生长特性、植物体内及栽培土壤中营养学指标和重金属含量的变化规律,并通过模糊综合评价方法选择营养土较佳配制方案。实验结果表明:堆肥比例在50%时麦冬生物量增加率、新生芽数及地表部分比重为最大值,在30%时纺锤体肉质数减少率为最大值;随着营养土中堆肥比例增加,麦冬体内养分含量、重金属积累量随之增加,均在50%时达到最大值;栽培土壤养分越多损失量越多,各指残留率越低,同时全磷、全氮及K含量降低率较有效磷、碱解氮小得多,Cr降低率在5.20%～8.34%之间,Zn降低率在3.27%～17.35%之间;堆肥比例在40%以上的营养土对麦冬生长效果好,但较佳配制方案为堆肥产品占20%。     

污水深度处理流程对污染物去除效果评价方法

城市污水再生处理流程大多采用几种深度处理单元组合而成,由单个处理单元对污染物的去除效果来准确评价组合流程整体的处理效率对于工艺方案的确定和实际运行具有重要意义。在对处理过程中污染物浓度分布变化分析的基础上,建立了污水深度处理流程污染物去除效果的评价分析方法,并根据3种常用再生处理单元的实验结果,以总大肠菌群为例,评价了混凝沉淀过滤与生物活性炭和超滤联用处理流程对总大肠菌群的去除效果,计算结果表明,这种评价分析方法是准确可行的。     

有机改性膨润土的稳定性研究

利用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HDTMAB)对膨润土进行有机改性,研究了不同振荡时间、振荡强度、温度、pH以及盐溶液浓度下改性后有机膨润土的稳定性。结果表明,表面活性剂用量为0.6CEC时,改性的膨润土比较稳定。在同一环境因素下,当表面活性剂用量大于0.6CEC时,有机膨润土的稳定性均随着改性剂用量的增加而降低。振荡时间、振荡强度以及反应温度对有机膨润土稳定性影响不明显;酸性条件下会降低有机膨润土的稳定性,而中性、碱性条件下,有机膨润土的稳定性会提高;对于0.6CEC改性的有机膨润土,当NaC l、CaC l2的浓度由0.2 mol/L增加到0.6 mol/L时有机膨润土的稳定性得到了显著的提高,浓度继续增大,稳定性下降。所以当外界NaC l或CaC l2浓度为0.6 mol/L时,0.6CEC改性的有机膨润土相对0.8CEC以及1.0CEC改性的膨润土稳定,可用做废水处理的吸附剂,且无二次污染。     

化工园区空气中非甲烷总烃与挥发性有机物的定量关系

采用美国环保署(EPA)推荐的TO14/15方法和自动监测测定了某化工园区空气中挥发性有机物(VOC)以及非甲烷总烃,测定结果显示化工园区空气中非甲烷总烃与VOC的定量关系可以通过有效碳质量浓度建立,即非甲烷总烃有效碳质量浓度和VOC有效碳质量浓度之和相等。并藉此定义总有效碳解析度(R)以表征空气自动监测选定项目对空气有机污染的覆盖率指标,计算结果表明该空气自动监测选定的11项指标平均可表征该区域空气有机污染的71%。     

用废变压器油吸收废气中的二甲苯

以废变压器油作为吸收剂对二甲苯废气进行吸收处理,考察了影响二甲苯气体去除率的因素。实验结果表明:二甲苯废气流量为350 L/h、废变压器油喷淋量为40 L/h、进口二甲苯废气平日质量浓度为935 mg/m~3、吸收温度为18℃、吸收时间为50 min时,出口二甲苯气体质量浓度为35 mg/m~3,二甲苯去除率高达96.3%,小于GB16297—1996《大气污染物综合排放标准》中二甲苯质量浓度90 mg/m~3的排放标准。     

Determination of antibiotics in sewage from hospitals, nursery and slaughter house, wastewater treatment plant and source water in Chongqing region of Three Gorge Reservoir in China

Sewage samples from 4 hospitals, 1 nursery, 1 slaughter house, 1 wastewater treatment plant and 5 source water samples of Chongqing region of Three Gorge Reservoir were analyzed for macrolide, lincosamide, trimethoprim, fluorouinolone, sulfonamide and tetracycline antibiotics by online solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results showed that the concentration of ofloxacin (OFX) in hospital was the highest among all water environments ranged from 1.660 μg/L to 4.240 μg/L and norfloxacin (NOR, 0.136-1.620 μg/L), ciproflaxacin (CIP, ranged from 0.011 μg/L to 0.136 μg/L), trimethoprim (TMP, 0.061-0.174 μg/L) were commonly detected. Removal range of antibiotics in the wastewater treatment plant was 18-100% and the removal ratio of tylosin, oxytetracycline and tetracycline were 100%. Relatively higher removal efficiencies were observed for tylosin (TYL), oxytetracycline (OXY) and tetracycline (TET)(100%), while lower removal efficiencies were observed for Trimethoprim (TMP, 1%), Epi-iso-chlorotetracycline (EICIC, 18%) and Erythromycin-H₂O (ERY-H₂O, 24%). Antibiotics were removed more efficiently in primary treatment compared with those in secondary treatment.     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their methoxylated metabolites in anchovy (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Coilia</Emphasis> sp.) from the Yangtze River Delta,China

Background, aim, and scope  

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their metabolites are toxic to animals, and concentrations of the PBDEs metabolites can exceed those of the parent materials. But no information was available on concentrations of PBDEs metabolites in the lower Yangtze River in the region around Jiangsu Province of China, which is heavily urbanized and industrialized area. The aims of this study were to determine whether PBDEs and their methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs) were accumulated in Coilia sp. in this area and to investigate the potential sources for these two kinds of brominated organic pollutants.     

CeO_2/Al_(0.2)Ti_(0.6)Zr_(0.2)O_(1.9)/ATS复合脱硝催化剂的制备及其抗硫抗水性能研究

将预先经酸处理的铝钛硅(ATS)多相陶瓷片先后负载Al0.2Ti0.6Zr0.2O1.9复合氧化物与CeO2活性组分,制得新型CeO2/Al0.2Ti0.6Zr0.2O1.9/ATS复合脱硝催化剂。运用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)手段对该催化剂进行表征,研究催化剂的晶相、微观形貌。评价了催化剂的脱硝活性,研究了H2O和SO2对其脱硝活性的影响。实验结果表明,CeO2/Al0.2Ti0.6Zr0.2O1.9/ATS具有良好的脱硝活性,高活性温度窗口在100～350℃,当反应温度为250℃时,NO的转化率达98.49%。SO2和H2O在一定程度抑制该催化剂的低温脱硝活性,但随着温度的升高,其脱硝活性逐渐恢复。催化剂中活性组分CeO2具有储硫作用,当有SO2存在时,活性温度窗口向高温区偏移了100℃,在250～400℃时,H2O的存在反而提高了催化剂的脱硝活性。     

废弃中药渣催化热解制取生物油的研究

利用热重分析仪(TGA)对植物类中药渣的热解特性进行了研究,用Coats-Redfern积分法计算了其热解动力学参数,得出中药渣热解反应符合一级反应动力学方程,其活化能较低,为36.0kJ/mol。考察了热解温度对气体、液体、固体产物的影响,在723K时,液体产物生物油产率最高,为39%。以介孔分子筛SBA-15以及分别负载Al、Sn、Ni、Cu和Mg的SBA-15作为催化剂,研究催化热解对气体、液体、固体产率及生物油组分的影响。研究表明,Al-SBA-15的催化效果较好,液体产率最高,为36%;采用元素分析仪和热值测定仪,得到用Al-SBA-15作为催化剂时生物油的氧质量分数最低,低位热值最高。用GC/MS对生物油组分的分析结果表明,添加Al-SBA-15后,热解产物中脂肪族和芳香族化合物增加,而含氧化合物减少。     

Integrated emergy,energy and economic evaluation of rice and vegetable production systems in alluvial paddy fields: Implications for agricultural policy in China

China is the largest rice producing and consuming country in the world, but rice production has given way to the production of vegetables during the past twenty years. The government has been trying to stop this land-use conversion and increase the area in rice-vegetable rotation. Important questions that must be answered to determine what strategy is best for society are, “What is the reason behind this conversion?”; “Which system is more productive and which is more sustainable?”; and “How can economic policy be used to adjust the pattern of farmland use to attain sustainable development?” To answer these questions, a combined evaluation of these agricultural production systems was done using emergy, energy and economic methods. An economic analysis clearly showed that the reason for this conversion was simply that the economic output/input ratio and the benefit density of the vegetable production system were greater than that of rice. However, both energy and emergy evaluations showed that long-term rice was the best choice for sustainable development, followed by rotation systems. The current price of rice is lower than the em-value of rice produced from the long-term rice system, but higher than that of rice produced from the rotation system. Scenario analysis showed that if the government increases the price of rice to the em-value of rice produced from the long-term rice system, US$0.4/kg, and takes the value of soil organic matter into account, the economic output/input ratios of both the rice and rotation systems will be higher than that of the vegetable system. The three methods, energy, emergy and economics, are different but complementary, each revealing a different aspect of the same system. Their combined use shows not only the reasons behind a system’s current state or condition, but also the way to adjust these systems to move toward more sustainable states.