锑矿周边稻田土壤垂直剖面锑砷形态与细菌群落结构分布及相互关系

为了解稻田土壤微生物对锑(Sb)和砷(As)污染的长期适应机制,本文以贵州省独山半坡锑矿和某锑矿冶炼厂周边稻田土壤为研究对象.采用野外布点和室内分析的方法,利用Illumina高通量测序技术对稻田垂直剖面土壤细菌16S rRNA V3～V4可变区进行测序,分析了土壤微生物的α多样性、物种丰度差异和组成情况,探讨了不同形态Sb和As在tc1(水耕熟化层)、tc2(渗育层)、tc3(犁底层)和tc4(水耕淀积层)的地球化学行为及其对细菌群落结构的影响.结果表明,研究区Sb和As的来源不同,Sb主要来源于大气沉降和人工投放,As则来源于成土母岩.变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)为各土层的主要优势菌门,具体表现为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)是tc1和tc2的优势菌门,绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)是tc3和tc4的优势菌门.土壤剖面各土层多样性指数均在tc1达到最大值,在tc3达到最小值且差异不显著.相对重要性分析表明,总As、As(V)、TS和Fe(II)为影响多样性指数的主要因子.LEfSe分析表明,各土层差异指示种在不同分类水平上各不相同且tc1的数量高于tc2、tc3和tc4.如在门水平,tc1的差异指示种为疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia),tc3为热袍菌门(Thermotogae),tc4为硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae);在纲水平,tc1为α-变形菌纲(α-proteobacteria),tc2为β-变形菌纲(β-proteobacteria),tc3为热袍菌纲(Thermotogae),tc4为硝化螺旋菌纲(Nitrospirae).RDA分析和相对重要性分析表明,总As、As(III)、Sb(V)、总Sb和pH等对细菌门分类水平具有重要影响.共生网络分析进一步表明,Sb(III)和As(V)虽然对群落结构影响相对较小,但与特征性微生物却存在显著相关性,如Sb(III)与Defluviicoccus属显著相关,而As(V)对β-变形菌纲影响较为显著.     

长期施肥对红壤稻田耕层土壤碳储量的影响

以红壤性稻田土壤为对象,研究了长期施肥（1990～2006年）对稻田表层土壤碳储量及固碳潜力的影响,讨论了耕层厚度变化对碳储量估算及处理间差异的影响.研究发现,与长期施用化肥相比,有机物的循环利用能显著提高红壤性稻田土壤碳储量,其碳储量为57.7～66.2 t/hm²,比试验前高出18.7～27.2 t/hm²,而长期施用化肥碳储量提高幅度平均为5.4 t/hm².红壤性稻田土壤饱和固碳量为84.0 t/hm²,与目前碳储量相比还有17.8～43.7 t/hm²的固碳潜力.研究证实,土壤碳储量与土壤容重和表层土壤厚度的变化密切相关,以20 cm或23 cm作为统计厚度估算表层土壤的碳储量将分别低估20.6％和11.3％,其中有机物施用处理碳储量低估幅度最大（分别为26.8％和18.9％）;另外,用相同统计厚度进行碳储量估算减小了不同施肥处理间的差异.从稻田土壤碳储量及固碳潜力来考虑,有机物配合化肥施用是红壤稻田较优的施肥方式.     

原沈阳冶炼厂主厂区土壤污染现状评价及污染治理措施

在对原沈阳冶炼厂主厂区土壤污染现状评价的基础上,提出了土壤重金属污染治理措施。     

大气污染物对流垂直输送作用的探讨

利用一个欧拉型硫沉降模式探讨了积云对硫污染物的对流垂直输送作用．结果表明,积云引起的垂直气流是造成大气污染物浓度分布及输送通量变化的重要因素．对流垂直输送可使硫污染物在高层出现大浓度区,浓度的增加率为５０％—４００％,中层和低层的浓度相应也有所变化．积云区内南北剖面上的通量也因对流输送作用在高层出现了大值中心．     

Vertical and temporal distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus and relationship with their influencing factors in aquatic-terrestrial ecotone： a case study in Taihu Lake, China

Vertical and temporal distributions of N and P in soil solution in aquatic-terrestrial ecotone （ATE） of Taihu Lake were investigated, and the relations among N, P, ORP （oxidation reduction potential）, TOC, root system biomass and microorganism were studied. As a whole, significant declines in TN, NO3^--N, DON （dissolved organic nitrogen） and TP concentration in soil solution have occurred with increase of the depth, and reached their minima at 60 cm depth, except for NH4^＋-N, which increased with depth. The concentration of TP increased gradually from spring to winter in the topsoil, the maximum 0.08 mg/L presented in the winter while the minimum 0.03 mg/L in spring. In the deeper layer, the concentration value of TP fluctuated little. As for the NO3^--N, its seasonal variation was significant at 20 cm depth, its concentration increased gradually from spring to autumn, and decreased markedly in winter. Vertical and temporal distribution of DON is contrary to that of NO3^--N. The results also show that the variation of N and P in the percolate between adjacent layers is obviously different. The vertical variation ofTN, TP, NO3^--N, NH4^＋-N and DON is significant, of which the variation coefficient of NO3^--N along the depth reaches 100.23%, the highest; while the variation coefficient of DON is 41.14%, the smallest. The results of correlation analysis show that the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus correlate significantly with TOC, ORP, root biomass and counts of nitrifying bacteria. Most nutrients altered much from 20 to 40 cm along the depth. However, DON changed more between 60 and 80 cm. Results show that soil of 0-60 cm depth is active rhizoplane, with strong capability to remove the nitrogen and phosphorus in ATE. It may suggest that there exists the optimum ecological efficiency in the depth of above 60 cm in reed wetland. This will be very significant for ecological restoration and reestablishment.     

广州城市污泥中重金属的存在特征及其农用生态风险评价

分析了广州7种城市污泥中Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr、Mn、Ni的含量,研究了其中5种污泥中重金属的形态特征,并利用地累积指数（Igeo）和潜在生态危害指数法（RI）对污泥农用过程中重金属的潜在生态风险进行了综合性评价. 结果表明,广州不同来源城市污泥中Cu、Zn、Mn、Ni含量较高,变化幅度较大,而Pb、Cr含量较低. 除一种污泥中Cu超标外,其他重金属基本符合国家农用控制标准（GB18918-2002）,但所有污泥中重金属含量都超过珠江三角洲耕地土壤均值.不同重金属在不同污泥中的形态分布差异较大. 其中,含工业污水污泥中Cu、Cr还原态占很大的比例,Pb、Fe主要以还原态和残渣态存在;生活污水污泥中重金属主要以可氧化态和残渣态存在,酸可交换态中Mn的比例较高,易还原态中Zn的比例较高;5种污泥中Cu、Zn、Mn潜在迁移性最强.Igeo和RI评价结果表明,污泥中Cu、Zn、Mn是潜在的强生态风险元素,污泥在农用过程中具有一定生态风险性. Igeo和RI用于污泥农用过程中重金属的生态风险评价是可行的,与其它评价方法相比较, RI能更好地反映污泥中重金属对生态环境的综合影响.     

天津野生鲫鱼体内壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚和壬基酚监测

采用GCB固相萃取作为净化方法 ,利用LC ESI MS技术测定鱼体内不同聚合度壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚 (NPnEO ,n≥ 3) ;用GC MS技术测定NP和NPnEO(n <3) .此方法与传统的氧化铝法相比较 ,GCB固相萃取作为净化方法的回收率较高 ,不同聚合度的NPnEO回收率为 70 4 %— 12 0 % ;方法检测限为 1ng g.用此方法调查了北京排污河中鲫鱼体内的NPnEO的残留情况 ,在所捕获的 12条鲫鱼中均检出了不同浓度的NPnEO和NP .NPnEO在北京排污河天津段鱼体内的残留浓度为 4 0— 6 80ng g ,NP的浓度在 30— 15 10ng g ,和水体中浓度之间的比值分别为 898和 94倍 .     

Determination of vanillin in vanilla perfumes and air by capillary electrophoresis

The present study investigated capillary electrophoretic detection of vanillin in vanilla perfume and air. An UV-absorbance detector was used in a home-made capillary electrophoretic instrument. A fused silica capillary (outer diameter: 364μm, inner diameter: 50 m) was used as a separation capillary, and a high electric voltage (20 kV) was applied across the two ends of the capillary. Total length of the capillary was 70 cm, and the effective length was 55 cm. Experimental results showed that the vanillin peak was detected at about 600, 450, and 500 seconds when pH of running buffers in CE were 7.2, 9.3, and 11.5, respectively. The peak area of vanillin was proportional to its concentration in the range of 0-10^-2 mol/L. The detection limit was about 10^-5 mol/L. Vanillin concentration in a 1% vanilla perfume sample was determined to be about 3×10^-4 mol/L, agreed well with that obtained by a HPLC method. Furthermore, determination of vanillin in air by combination of CE and active carbon adsorption method was investigated.     

脂多糖诱发生物体内合成NO_2~－和胺类化合物的研究

脂多糖诱发生物体内合成ＮＯ_２~－和胺类化合物的研究宋秀贤，赵海涛，金秀兰许后效，林继红，陆德培（中国科学院生态环境研究中心，北京，１０００８５）关键词亚硝酸根；胺类化合物；生物合成；脂多糖．一些研究已经证明Ｎ－亚硝基化合物（ＮＯＣ）对动物存在致癌性￣...     

基于多准则分析的非点源污染评价和分区——以北京怀柔区北宅小流域为例

非点源污染控制难度大、成本高,因此有必要对污染源划分等级,从而分别进行管理与规划.本研究提出了“风险评价-规划分区-分别管理”的非点源污染规划思路.“风险评价”在借鉴已有的非点源风险评价模型基础上,提出了基于多准则分析的非点源污染评价方法.该评价方法以土地利用因子、径流因子和距离因子为参评指标,采用改进的理想解法(Technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution,TOPSIS)确定因子权重,减少了人为主观性;“规划分区”依据“适度保护、优先规划、重点管理”的原则,结合风险评价结果,可将流域划分为5类管理分区;“分别管理”是对各类管理区分别配以针对性的BMPs和生态工程措施.“风险评价-规划分区-分别管理”这套方法层层递进不仅能评价流域非点源污染,也能定量为流域内非点源污染源的管理提供科学方案.最后将该方法在北宅小流域进行了应用,结果表明,该方法克服了传统方法的过于主观、局限性大的缺陷,可为类似流域非点源污染评价和管理提供参考.