Adsorption of lead on multi-walled carbon nanotubes with different outer diameters and oxygen contents: Kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamics

The effects of different outer diameters and surface oxygen contents on the adsorption of heavy metals onto six types of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were investigated in an aqueous solution and lead was chosen as a model metal ion. The results indicated that the percentage removal and adsorption capacity of lead remarkably increased with decreasing outer diameter due to larger specific surface area (SSA). The SSA-normalized maximum adsorption capacity (qm /SSA) and SSA-normalized adsorption coefficient (Kd /SSA) were strongly positively correlated with surface oxygen content, implying that lead adsorption onto MWCNTs significantly increases with the rise of oxygen content and decreases with decreasing SSA. The calculated thermodynamic parameters indicated that adsorption of lead on MWCNTs was endothermic and spontaneous. When the oxygen content of MWCNTs increased from 2.0% to 5.9%, the standard free energy (△ G0 ) became more negative, which implied that the oxygenated functional groups increased the adsorption affinity of MWCNTs for lead. Through calculation of enthalpy (△ H0 ), G0 and free energy of adsorption (Ea ), lead adsorption onto MWCNTs was recognized as a chemisorption process. The chemical interaction between lead and the phenolic groups of MWCNTs could be one of the main adsorption mechanisms due to highly positive correlations between the phenolic groups and K d /SSA or q m /SSA.     

Occurrence and distribution of hexabromocyclododecane in sediments from seven major river drainage basins in China

The concentrations and geographical distribution of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) were investigated in 37 composite surface sediments from seven major river drainage basins in China, including Yangtze River, Yellow River, Pearl River, Liaohe River, Haihe River, Tarim River and Ertix River. The detection frequency of HBCD was 54%, with the concentrations ranged from below limit of detection (LOD) to 206 ng/g dry weight. In general, the geographical distribution showed increasing trends from the upper reaches to the lower reaches of the rivers and from North China to Southeast China. Compared to other regions in the world, the average concentration of HBCD in sediments from Yangtze River drainage basin was at relatively high level, whereas those from other six river drainage basins were at lower or similar level. The highest HBCD concentration in sediment from Yangtze River Delta and the highest detection frequency of HBCD in Pearl River drainage basins suggested that the industrial and urban activities could evidently affect the HBCD distribution. HBCD diastereoisomer profiles showed that γ-HBCD dominated in most of the sediment samples, followed by α- and β-HBCD, which was consistent with those in the commercial HBCD mixtures. Further risk assessment reflected that the average inventories of HBCD were 18.3, 5.87, 3.92, 2.50, 1.77 ng/cm 2 in sediments from Pearl River, Haihe River, Tarim River, Yellow River and Yangtze River, respectively.     

Cost-performance analysis of nutrient removal in a full-scale oxidation ditch process based on kinetic modeling

A full-scale oxidation ditch process for treating sewage was simulated with the ASM2d model and optimized for minimal cost with acceptable performance in terms of ammonium and phosphorus removal. A unified index was introduced by integrating operational costs (aeration energy and sludge production) with effluent violations for performance evaluation. Scenario analysis showed that,in comparison with the baseline (all of the 9 aerators activated), the strategy of activating 5 aerators could save aeration energy significantly with an ammonium violation below 10%. Sludge discharge scenario analysis showed that a sludge discharge flow of 250–300 m3/day (solid retention time (SRT), 13–15 days) was appropriate for the enhancement of phosphorus removal without excessive sludge production. The proposed optimal control strategy was: activating 5 rotating disks operated with a mode of "111100100" ( "1"represents activation and "0" represents inactivation) for aeration and sludge discharge flow of 200 m3/day (SRT, 19 days). Compared with the baseline, this strategy could achieve ammonium violation below 10% and TP violation below 30% with substantial reduction of aeration energy cost (46%) and minimal increment of sludge production (< 2%). This study provides a useful approach for the optimization of process operation and control.     

短程硝化颗粒污泥的快速培养与硝化特性研究

以城市污水处理厂剩余污泥为种泥,以2 min沉淀时间为选择压,在序批式反应器(SBR)中快速培养出好氧颗粒污泥。经过60个周期(20 d),反应器内出现砂粒状颗粒,并持续稳定运行120 d。成熟的颗粒污泥平均粒径856.56μm,具有良好的硝化性能。SBR反应器以固定曝气时间方式运行,亚硝酸盐积累率达80%以上,实现了稳定短程硝化。试验结果表明:絮体污泥(即接种污泥)与颗粒污泥的硝化过程相似但略有差异。二者差别在于,氨氮氧化结束后,继续曝气120 min,絮体污泥将亚硝酸盐完全转化为硝酸盐,而颗粒污泥仅将部分亚硝酸盐转化且过程比较缓慢。     

物元分析模型在生活垃圾分类收集方案评价中的应用

家庭生活垃圾分类收集是实现城市生活垃圾无害化、减量化和资源化的重要方面,而生活垃圾分类收集方案评价也是实现生活垃圾综合管理的有效方法。以昆明市居民区生活垃圾分类收集为例,设计5种垃圾分类收集方案,基于问卷调查和层次分析,并建立物元分析模型,得出最优分类方案是将生活垃圾分为厨余垃圾与其他垃圾2大类。     

餐厨垃圾与污水污泥共消化产酸试验研究

研究了餐厨垃圾与污水污泥在不同混合比例、不同污泥停留时间条件下的共消化产酸效果。试验结果表明:当餐厨垃圾与污水污泥TS比为1∶3时,SRT=1 d的反应器酸化效率最高,且乙酸含量占优,产酸效果较佳;当TS之比为1∶1时,各反应器产酸量普遍高于1∶3时,其中SRT=5 d产酸反应器,最高酸化效率达5.94,产酸量最大,且乙酸含量占优,运行效果最佳。     

改性凹凸棒土吸附地下水中硝基苯的实验研究

从凹凸棒土(以下简称凹土)的有机改性入手,研究凹土的十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)、十八烷基三甲基氯化铵(OTAC)改性及吸附模拟硝基苯(nitrobenzene,NB)污染地下水的影响因素及性能。结果表明:采用超声改性法制得的CTAB、OTAC改性凹土对地下水中NB具有较强的吸附能力,每100g凹土改性剂最佳用量为30 mmol。在NB浓度为20mg/L、投加量为4%、吸附时间30 min的条件下,NB吸附去除率分别达45.68%、55.40%;改性凹土的静态吸附行为符合Langmuir吸附等温方程。     

悬浮膜(CFM)分离技术在油田废水处理中的应用

应用微电解等技术对油田废水进行预处理,然后用悬浮膜进行分离,使其中的油、微生物和固体物与水相分离,使其达到回注用水要求。重点对CFM分离设备的结构及原理加以介绍,以期推进过滤技术的进步,提高油田废水的处理水平。     

基于臭氧溶胞的活性污泥减量化技术

目前常见的活性污泥减量技术主要包括解偶联技术、微生物的捕食作用以及隐性生长三种方法。基于臭氧氧化溶胞作用从而强化细菌隐性生长的污泥减量技术具有较好的处理效果及良好的应用前景。着重探讨了臭氧溶胞作用的机理及溶胞过程的影响因素。考虑到污泥减量技术在实际污水处理系统中的应用,探讨了臭氧溶胞对污水生物处理系统的影响。     

含铬废水的处理技术及机理简述

介绍了废水中六价铬的来源及存在形态,以及处理含铬废水的物理、物化、化学及生物等各种工艺,并对各种工艺的机理和优缺点进行分析,展望含铬废水的治理前景。