Ozone episodes during and after the 2018 Chinese National Day holidays in Guangzhou: Implications for the control of precursor VOCs

The impact of reducing industrial emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on ozone (O₃) pollution is of wide concern particularly in highly industrialized megacities. In this study, O₃, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and VOCs were measured at an urban site in the Pearl River Delta region during the 2018 Chinese National Day Holidays and two after-holiday periods (one with ozone pollution and another without). O₃ pollution occurred throughout the 7-day holidays even industrial emissions of VOCs were passively reduced due to temporary factory shutdowns, and the toluene to benzene ratios dropped from ∼10 during non-holidays to ∼5 during the holidays. Box model (AtChem2-MCM) simulations with the input of observation data revealed that O₃ formation was all VOC-limited, and alkenes had the highest relative incremental reactivity (RIR) during the holiday and non-holiday O₃ episodes while aromatics had the highest RIR during the non-pollution period. Box model also demonstrated that even aromatics decreased proportionally to levels with near-zero contributions of industrial aromatic solvents, O₃ concentrations would only decrease by less than 20% during the holiday and non-holiday O₃ episodes and ozone pollution in the periods could not be eliminated. The results imply that controlling emissions of industrial aromatic solvents might be not enough to eliminate O₃ pollution in the region, and more attention should be paid to anthropogenic reactive alkenes. Isoprene and formaldehyde were among the top 3 species by RIRs in all the three pollution and non-pollution periods, suggesting substantial contribution to O₃ formation from biogenic VOCs.     

Wall losses of oxygenated volatile organic compounds from oxidation of toluene: Effects of chamber volume and relative humidity

Vapor wall losses can affect the yields of secondary organic aerosol. The effects of surface-to-volume (S/V) ratio and relative humidity (RH) on the vapor-wall interactions were investigated in this study. The oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) were generated from toluene-H₂O₂ irradiations. The average gas to wall loss rate constant (k_gw) of OVOCs in a 400 L reactor (S/V = 7.5 m⁻¹) is 2.47 (2.41 under humid conditions) times higher than that in a 5000 L reactor (S/V = 3.6 m⁻¹) under dry conditions. In contrast, the average desorption rate constant (k_wg) of OVOCs in 400 L reactor is only 1.37 (1.20 under humid conditions) times higher than that in 5000 L reactor under dry conditions. It shows that increasing the S/V ratio can promote the wall losses of OVOCs. By contrast, the RH effect on k_gw is not prominent. The average k_gw value under humid conditions is almost the same as under dry conditions in the 400 L (5000 L) reactor. However, increasing RH can decrease the desorption rates. The average k_wg value under dry conditions is 1.45 (1.27) times higher than that under humid conditions in the 400 L (5000 L) reactor. The high RH can increase the partitioning equilibrium timescales and enhance the wall losses of OVOCs.     

基于遥感数据估算近地面PM2.5浓度的研究进展

卫星反演的气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)具有广泛的空间覆盖度和相对较高的时空分辨率. 基于AOD与PM_2.5的相关关系来估算PM_2.5浓度已成为监测近地面PM_2.5的有效途径,其估算结果较可靠,能够为治理PM_2.5污染提供数据基础和科学依据. 从反演AOD数据集和PM_2.5浓度估算模型2个方面进行梳理归纳,从卫星轨道运行类型角度分析各类传感器的产品特征,并对缺失AOD的插补方法进行分类评价;对PM_2.5浓度的估算模型进行比较分析,指出不同模型的优缺点和适应性. 结果表明:①各类卫星传感器均具有特定功能及优缺点,其中地球同步轨道(GEO)卫星的快速发展,使其在估算PM_2.5浓度的应用上越来越广泛. ②插补后的AOD比AOD初始产品具有更连续的时空分布和更高的准确性,基于模型的多变量估算不仅可以实现数据的全面覆盖,还可以获得更好的估算精度. ③组合模型成为估算PM_2.5浓度的重要方法,机器学习模型的加入能够有效提高PM_2.5浓度的估算精度. 研究显示,利用AOD估算近地面PM_2.5浓度不仅弥补了地面PM_2.5监测的空间不连续性,更有助于解析PM_2.5浓度的时空分布特征及污染来源.      

2022 年 1 期目录

为摸清全球气候变化背景下,我国海岸带蓝碳应对气候变化的发展状况,发掘我国海岸带蓝碳减缓与适应气候变化的潜力,分析了我国海岸带蓝碳生态系统的基本状况及保护恢复情况,阐述了海岸带蓝碳对气候变化的影响及响应机制,论述了我国海岸带蓝碳发展面临的形势及管理需求。最后,提出了我国海岸带蓝碳应对气候变化的发展建议,即推进海岸带蓝碳管理政策的制定和实施,实现我国海岸带蓝碳的系统性监测,积极开展受损蓝碳生态系统修复案例的研究,加强海岸带蓝碳保护与修复的公众参与度,增强国际合作。     

辽宁营口滨海湿地春季迁徙期水鸟现状评价

2016－2020年连续对营口滨海湿地春季迁徙期水鸟种类和数量进行了调查监测。5年的长期调查监测共记录到水鸟4目8科39种,其中鸻鹬类、鸥类及雁鸭类（共占记录物种总数的92.31%）是构成营口滨海湿地春季迁徙期水鸟的主要类群。年际间水鸟种类和数量总体呈增加趋势,翘鼻麻鸭（Tadorna tadorna）、斑尾塍鹬（Limosa lapponica）、黑尾塍鹬（Limosa limosa）、大杓鹬（Numenius madagascariensis）、环颈鸻（Charadrius alexandrinus）、黑腹滨鹬（Calidris alpina）6种优势种处于动态变化之中。记录到的39种水鸟都被列入国内外有关保护条例,且分布达到全球种群评估数量1%的濒危大杓鹬、易危黑嘴鸥（Saundersilarus saundersi）、翘鼻麻鸭、环颈鸻、黑尾塍鹬、斑尾塍鹬、黑腹滨鹬7种水鸟,表明营口滨海湿地及水鸟具有国际重要保护价值。为更好地保护营口滨海湿地水鸟及其栖息地,建议尽早在目前未受保护的营口滨海湿地新建国家公园、自然保护区或自然公园,或纳入生态保护红线;并将营口滨海湿地申报列入《国际重要湿地名录》。     

基于简化基因组测序的三门湾海域无脊椎动物的遗传多样性分析

本研究通过简化基因组测序（2b-RAD）技术,对浙江省三门湾海域定居性优势无脊椎动物（哈氏仿对虾、口虾蛄、脊尾白虾、三疣梭子蟹、曼氏无针乌贼、棒锥螺和牡蛎）进行遗传结构和遗传多样性分析,以评估三门湾海域水生无脊椎动物资源现状,并为渔业可持续发展提供物种遗传资源监测依据。7个物种共获得12336～108139个SNP位点,变异位点比例为0.168%～1.571%。遗传分析结果显示,7个物种的平均核苷酸多样性（Pi）为0.147～0.306,平均观测杂合度（Ho）为0.142～0.289,多态信息含量（Polymorphism Information Content,PIC）为0.124～0.234,个体间平均遗传距离为0.118～0.246。本研究表明,三门湾水域7种代表性无脊椎动物中,生物群体变异位点比例较低,遗传多样性水平较低,且相同种群个体间的遗传分化较小, 结合本次对三门湾海域渔业资源调查分析,这可能与人工增殖放流等因素有关。