Identification of key factors governing chemistry in groundwater near the water course recharged by reclaimed water at Miyun County, Northern China

Reclaimed water was successfully used to recover the dry Chaobai River in Northern China, but groundwater may be polluted. To ensure groundwater protection, it is therefore critical to identify the governing factors of groundwater chemistry. Samples of reclaimed water, river and groundwater were collected monthly at Chaobai River from January to September in 2010. Fifteen water parameters were analyzed. Two kinds of reclaimed water were different in type (Na-Ca-Mg-Cl-HCO3 or Na-Ca-Cl-HCO3 ) and concentration of nitrogen. The ionic concentration and type in river were similar to reclaimed water. Some shallow wells near the river bed had the same type (Na-Ca-Mg-Cl-HCO3 ) and high concentration as reclaimed water, but others were consistent with the deep wells (Ca-Mg-HCO3 ). Using cluster analysis, the 9 months were divided into two periods (dry and wet seasons), and all samples were grouped into several spatial clusters, indicating different controlling mechanisms. Principal component analysis and conventional ionic plots showed that calcium, magnesium and bicarbonate were controlled by water-rock interaction in all deep and some shallow wells. This included the dissolution of calcite and carbonate weathering. Sodium, potassium, chloride and sulfate in river and some shallow wells recharged by river were governed by evaporation crystallization and mixing of reclaimed water. But groundwater chemistry was not controlled by precipitation. During the infiltration of reclaimed water, cation exchange took place between (sodium, potassium) and (calcium, magnesium). Nitrification and denitrification both happened in most shallow groundwater, but only denitrification in deep groundwater.     

辽宁营口滨海地区海水入侵特征研究

本文通过18个观测井内主要9种离子浓度,对辽东湾东部营口沿岸海水入侵的分布特征进行了分析,根据海水入侵区地下水中主要离子浓度与地下水的相关关系,总结了随着海水入侵的发展地下水化学类型的变化,地下水化学类型分为3大类型。①Na+—Cl-型:沿海岸呈条带状分布;②Cl-·HCO3-或HCO3-·Cl-型:分布于前者之上的陆域,从北至南连续带状分布,北部较宽,中部较窄;③HCO3-型(阳离子为Na+·Ca2+):分布于远离海岸的陆域松散沉积层中,北部为大面积成片分布,南部缺失。该区地下水水化学类型呈带状分布,类型变化规律明显,反映了海水入侵分布特征,当淡水开采时,水位降深越大,微咸水入侵强度越大,控制淡水开采是防止微咸水入侵的主要措施。     

“十二五”地表水国家环境监测网络吉林省水环境国控监测点位布设的构想

根据国家环境质量监测网络,对“十二五”地表水环境质量监测断面调整工作要求,吉林省在辖区内所有水环境质量监测断面及采样点基础上,完成了松花江流域和辽河流域国控监测断面的优化调整工作。在此过程中,如何从国家尺度上,既能充分反映吉林省水环境质量状况,又能满足国家对地表水环境管理需求进行了深入思考。本文以吉林省为例,在确定国控监测断面及采样点的布设中．提出了自己的构想和建议。     

土地利用总体规划环境影响评价技术方法的研究

从国内外土地利用总体规划环境影响评价的技术方法研究出发,总结了各技术方法的优势和缺点。最后提出了完善土地利用总体规划环境影响技术方法的建议。     

Identification of odorous compounds in reclaimed water using FPA combined with sensory GC-MS

Odorous compounds in the influent of a reclaimed water treatment plant (RWTP), consisting of coagulation, sedimentation, continuous micro-filtration (CMF), and chlorination in succession, in a north China city, were identified by combining flavor profile analysis (FPA) with sensory gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The sewery/swampy/septic odor with an odor intensity of 6.4 was found to be the major odor group in the RWTP influent, and the existence of well-known odorant including dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, indole and skatole were confirmed using GC-MS. The result of a spiking test showed that the intensity (3.6) of the sewery/swampy/septic odor caused by these four chemicals contributed to over 50% of the odor intensity of the influent. The FPA intensity for sewery/swampy/septic odor in the RWTP effluent was 3.8, showing that the treatment process was not efficient for the removal of odorants, particularly indole and skatole.     

Effect of oxide nanoparticles on the morphology and fluidity of phospholipid membranes and the role of hydrogen bonds

Engineered oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are widely applied in insulators, catalyzers, paints, cosmetic products, textiles and semiconductors. Their attachment on cell membrane may lead to cytotoxicity. The effects of Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, SiO₂, TiO₂ and ZnO NPs on membrane integrity and fluidity were studied using giant or small unilamellar vesicles in this study. Al₂O₃ and SiO₂ NPs disrupted the oppositely charged membrane, indicating the important role of electrostatic attraction. However, Fe₂O₃, TiO₂ and ZnO NPs did not cause serious membrane disruption as Al₂O₃ and SiO₂ NPs. Membrane fluidity was evaluated by the generalized polarity (GP) values of Laurdan fluorescent emission. SiO₂ NPs induce the membrane gelation of both positively and negatively charged membrane. Al₂O₃ and ZnO NPs induced the gelation of the oppositely charged membrane, but did not cause obvious membrane gelation to the like charged membrane. The phospholipid molecular structural changes after NP exposure were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. FT-IR spectra revealed the hydrogen bond formation between NPs and the carbonyl/phosphate groups of phospholipids. Al₂O₃ and SiO₂ NPs showed strongest evidence of hydrogen bonding on their FT-IR spectra. It was consistent with the microscopic observation and fluorescent data that Al₂O₃ and SiO₂ NPs caused more serious membrane disruption and gelation. This study on membrane damage provides further knowledge on the cytotoxicity of nanomaterials and the safety of NP application.     

我国大气中挥发性有机物的分布特征

大气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)是臭氧和二次有机气溶胶形成的关键前体物之一,研究表明烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃是我国大气VOCs的重要组分。在不同区域,城市地区烷烃含量最高,而偏远地区芳香烃为含量最丰富的VOCs。VOCs浓度日间变化多呈双峰分布趋势,峰值多出现在早晨与傍晚的上下班高峰期。目前对我国臭氧污染事件的研究均表明芳香烃和烯烃是对臭氧生成贡献最大的化合物。VOCs源解析中广泛运用的模型包括CMB、PMF和PCA/APCS,各模型均存在优点和局限性。比较各地VOCs源解析结果,发现交通排放源和工业排放源为我国VOCs的主要人为来源。VOCs的跨区域传输决定与周边地区的合作将是未来空气治理中的发展方向。     

湟水河流域水质时空变化特征及其污染源解析

基于2012—2014年水质数据,综合应用多元统计分析与一维水质模型(Qual2Kw),系统分析了湟水河水质时空变化及其污染物来源.结果表明:湟水河河流水质主要受化学需氧量、生化需氧量、铜、六价铬、水温、溶解氧、总氮、氨氮等8项水质指标影响,且氨氮和总氮污染严重;湟水河水质时间上可划分为3个时段:时段1(6—10月)、时段2(5月和11月)和时段3(12月—4月),时段1水质明显优于时段2和时段3,湟水河水体受工业生活排放污水的影响显著,面源污染对河流水质的影响低于点源污染;空间上可分为3大区段:湟水河上游、中游和下游,中游西宁市段污染较重;基于Qual2Kw模型的污染物贡献比例计算结果揭示了湟水河民和桥断面的氨氮负荷主要来源于扎马隆(S2)-西钢桥(S3),总氮主要来源于报社桥(S5)-小峡桥(S6),其中支流点源是氨氮的主要污染源,普通点源即城镇生活污水和工业废水排放是总氮的主要污染来源,上游干流农田地表径流、畜禽养殖废水、农村生活污水等污染源氨氮、总氮排放也不容忽视.研究结果可以为湟水河流域水环境管理提供科学依据.     

A metal-free composite photocatalyst of graphene quantum dots deposited on red phosphorus

A simple approach to enhance the photocatalytic activity of red phosphorus(P) was developed.A mechanical ball milling method was applied to reduce the size of red P and to deposit graphene quantum dots onto red P. The product was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, contact angle measurements, zeta-potential measurements, X-ray diffraction and UV–vis absorption spectroscopy. The product exhibited high visible-light-driven photocatalytic performance in the photodegradation of rhodamine B.     

生态高负荷土地快速渗滤系统处理猪场废水的效能及微生态

以经过厌氧反应器处理后的猪场废水为研究对象,探讨了新型生态高负荷土地快速渗滤系统对废水中COD、氨氮及总氮的去除情况;同时分析了该系统中的微生物群落结构以及过氧化氢酶、脲酶、硝酸盐还原酶的含量.结果表明,在水力负荷为11 cm·d~(-1)、进水COD为700 mg·L~(-1)左右的条件下,一级土地渗滤柱与二级土地渗滤柱对COD的去除率分别为78.8%与63.0%,总去除率达到了92.6%;而当水力负荷增大到22 cm·d~(-1)时,总的COD去除率仍在90.0%以上;该系统对于氨氮的去除更为显著,去除率可达99%左右.一级土地快速渗滤系统中上、中、下部的过氧化氢酶含量分别为1.899、0.990、0.323 m L·g~(-1),表明猪场废水中的有机物主要在该系统的上部与中部得以去除;二级土地快速渗滤系统上、中、下部的硝酸盐还原酶含量分别是3.453、3.831、1.971 m L·g~(-1),表明脱氮作用主要发生二级土地快速渗滤系统的上部与中部.该土地快速渗滤系统中微生物以Gram Negative与Gram Positive为主,特别是在二级土地快速渗滤系统中,AM Fungi与Actinomycetes占有一定比例,为猪场废水中难降解有机物的去除提供了保障.