土壤酶和微生物量碳对土壤低浓度重金属污染的响应及其影响因子研究

土壤酶和微生物量碳是反映土壤健康的重要微生物性质指标。土壤重金属污染能够对土壤微生物性质产生影响,然而土壤酶和微生物量碳对土壤重金属污染的响应受到土壤本身理化性质的影响。通过北京市建成区233个样点的数据监测和实验室模拟,研究了土壤脲酶活性和微生物量碳对土壤低浓度重金属污染的响应以及受土壤理化性质的影响。研究结果表明:在野外主要重金属污染的浓度范围内(Cd 0.003~0.98μg·g-1,Cu 13.4~207.9μg·g-1,Zn 29.4~322μg·g-1,Pb 4.02~174μg·g-1),土壤脲酶活性、微生物量碳(MBC)和有机碳(SOC)的含量与土壤中Cd、Cu、Zn和Pb的浓度正相关,而微生物量碳占有机碳的比率(MBC/SOC)与重金属浓度负相关;脲酶活性、MBC/SOC与重金属浓度建立的相关关系只能解释总变异的5%~10%。实验室模拟试验表明,土壤酶活性受土壤重金属含量和土壤性质联合效应的影响;土壤有机质含量和pH是影响酶活性的主要土壤理化性质。引入土壤有机碳含量和pH两个参数,重新建立脲酶活性、MBC/SOC与土壤中重金属浓度的关系,建立的相关关系的决定系数变大,能够解释总变异的14%~17%。     

Atrazine contamination in agricultural soils from the Yangtze River Delta of China and associated health risks

Atrazine is one of the most widely applied and persistent herbicides in the world. In view of limited information on the regional contamination of atrazine in soils in China, this study investigated the spatial distribution and environmental impacts of atrazine in agricultural soils collected from the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) as an illustrative analysis of rapidly developing regions in the country. The results showed that the concentrations of atrazine in the YRD agricultural soils ranged from <1.0 to 113 ng/g dry weight, with a mean of 5.7 ng/g, and a detection rate of 57.7 % in soils. Pesticide factory might be a major source for the elevated levels of atrazine in Zhejiang Province. The contamination of atrazine was closely associated with land use types. The concentrations and detection rates of atrazine were higher in corn fields and mulberry fields than in rice paddy fields. There was no significant difference in compositions of soil microbial phospholipids fatty acids among the areas with different atrazine levels. Positive relationship (R = 0.417, p < 0.05, n = 30) was observed between atrazine and total microbial biomass. However, other factors, such as soil type and land management practice, might have stronger influences on soil microbial communities. Human health risks via exposure to atrazine in soils were estimated according to the methods recommended by the US EPA. Atrazine by itself in all the soil samples imposed very low carcinogenic risks (<10^?6) and minimal non-cancer risks (hazard index <1) to adults and children.     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰二噁英控制技术研究进展

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰含有二噁英等有机物和Cr、Hg等重金属,是高度危险的固体废物,已成为二噁英污染的主要来源之一。针对飞灰中二噁英的不同解毒技术研究现状,系统阐述了近年来不同技术的原理、研究现状及发展趋势等,指出具有较大工业化应用前景的是水泥窑协同处置和低温热解技术。水泥窑协同处置技术可实现二噁英高效降解,且无二次污染物产生,局限性是该技术需要依托熟料生产线,飞灰水洗预处理投资运行成本相对较高;低温热解技术可高效实现飞灰中二噁英的脱除,局限性是存在二噁英从固相转移至气相,通常集成其他气相二噁英降解技术,如催化氧化等技术,可实现气相二噁英的高效降解,能耗及投资成本相对较低。并对飞灰中二噁英未来的降解技术和发展方向进行了展望,旨在为飞灰二噁英解毒技术的实用研究提供理论研究基础。     

矿化垃圾床＋三维电极／电Fenton法处理老龄垃圾渗滤液

提出以二级矿化垃圾床为预处理单元,串联三维电极／电Fenton处理老龄垃圾渗滤液的组合工艺。矿化垃圾床处理后渗滤液中COD、氨氮、总磷、色度的去除率分别为80．55％、88．47％、98．32％和87．53％。通过单因素实验和正交实验,确定了三维电极／电Fenton法最佳工艺条件。经该组合工艺后,渗滤液中COD、氨氮、总磷和色度的最高去除率分别可达97．08％、95．24％、99．55％和96．92％,其中COD、总磷、色度这3个指标低于《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》（GB16889．2008）表2规定的排放标准,为该组合工艺在实际中的应用提供重要理论依据。     

广州市区PM_(2.5)的污染特征

对广州市区PM2.5的污染状况进行了分析,结果表明广州市区的PM2.5呈现冬季浓度较高,夏季较低的季节性特征;PM2.5的日变化呈现出明显的双峰形;与PM10的相关性分析表明,PM2.5与PM10具有良好的线性关系。PM2.5/PM10的值约为0.59,表明广州市区空气中细颗粒物在PM10中的比重大于粗颗粒物,鉴于PM2.5的危害性及所占比例,应重视对其的监测。     

Risk assessment of Giardia in rivers of southern China based on continuous monitoring

The occurrence and risks of Giardia in China have been unclear to date, which has made it difficult to properly manage source water as well as to create reasonable drinking water standards. The levels of Giardia in river networks of several cities in Zhejiang Province, China were found to be in the range of 0-5 oocysts/10 L in the rainy season in 2008. The mortality due to Giardia infection for people in this region was calculated to be from 0 to 1.95 × 10^-8 persons using a conditional probability equation. Based on multiple unboiled water intake routes, the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to Giardia infection for people who consumed conventionally treated water was 0.625 (95% CI: 0.137-2.05) per 10⁵ persons, with the symptom of hospitalization making the highest contribution to total DALYs (0.56 per 10⁵ persons; 95% CI: 0.122-1.84). The DALYs decreased to 0.425 (95% CI: 0.137-2.05) per 10⁵ persons per year for those consuming water treated with advanced technology. These values were lower than the acceptable risk (1.97 × 10^-5 DALYs per year). This study revealed the risk of Giardia infection to the people in river networks of Zhejiang Province for the first time, and provides a method to evaluate the risk of Giardia infection. The results are useful for the modification of drinking water quality standards based on cost-benefit analysis.     

微囊藻毒素对水稻根系生长和抗氧化系统的影响

以水稻幼苗为材料,研究了不同质量浓度(1、100、1 000、3 000μg·L-1)微囊藻毒素(MCs)在胁迫期和恢复期对水稻幼苗根系生长、吸收活力、抗氧化系统的影响以及MCs在水稻根部的积累.结果表明,胁迫处理7 d,MCs在水稻根部的积累量与MCs质量浓度呈正相关.1μg·L-1MCs处理促进了根系生长,根系活力上升,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性上升有效维持H2O2于正常水平;100μg·L-1MCs处理下,根系生长受抑,根系活力下降,CAT无显著变化;在高质量浓度(1 000μg·L-1、3 000μg·L-1)MCs处理下,不仅根系生长受抑、根系活力下降,且CAT活性受抑,H2O2大量积累,膜质过氧化加剧.相比胁迫期,恢复7 d后各处理组水稻根系MCs的积累量均低于胁迫期.100μg·L-1MCs处理组根系各生长指标、根系活力、丙二醛(MDA)、H2O2和CAT的变幅减小,优于胁迫期,显示出一定程度的恢复,而1 000μg·L-1和3 000μg·L-1MCs处理组,根系生长与根系活力均低于胁迫期,氧化胁迫进一步加剧,表明高质量浓度(1 000μg·L-1和3 000μg·L-1)MCs对水稻根系造成的伤害不可逆.     

北京温榆河流域微生物污染调查研究

随着工业化和城市化进程的加快,我国河流普遍受到了不同程度的水质污染,而微生物指标对于水质评价具有重要作用.本研究选取细菌总数、总大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群以及SC噬菌体、F噬菌体作为指示微生物对北京市温榆河开展了历时一年多的调查研究,结果表明,除了有机污染和富营养化问题外,温榆河流域的微生物污染非常突出.温榆河上游已经受到了一定程度的微生物污染,微生物浓度(以粪大肠菌群为例)波动较大(5.01×10²~5.37×10⁶个·L^-1);下游受清河、坝河等排水河道的影响,微生物污染普遍严重(均值达6.3×10⁶个·L^-1以上),与地表水Ⅴ类水质标准(GB 3838—2002)相比FC浓度平均超出两个数量级.统计分析显示,温榆河微生物污染受季节的影响并不显著(p>0.05),表明人为因素很可能是其主要影响因素.温榆河处于微生物高污染水平,可能威胁地下水水质和农作物质量安全,应从源头加强微生物风险控制.     

考虑“双碳”目标与健康损失的区域现役火电机组有序退役研究

火电行业是我国经济社会发展的重要基础和保障，但也是碳排放的主要源头之一。在“双碳”目标约束下，新能源装机将持续增长，而火电机组则面临降碳和退役的压力。以安徽省为研究区域，考虑“双碳”目标与污染导致的健康损失等因素，对全省现役火电机组的计划退役与有序退役方案进行对比分析，为火电行业实现低碳发展提供路径参考。在有序退役方案下，结合初始投资、使用年限、年度发电收益与污染物排放计算出现役机组每年的净现值，并且根据未来安徽省碳排放削减目标，得到优化后的机组退役时间和顺序。结果表明：与常规的计划退役方案相比，有序退役方案使安徽省火电机组退役时间平均提前约5 a，在2060年碳中和之前可实现现役机组全部退役。2020—2060年，现役机组有序退役可累计减少碳排放量12.76亿t；累计减少SO₂、NO_x、PM_2.5排放量分别为1.44万t、2.13万t、0.17万t，比计划退役方案减少8.66亿元的健康损失。机组的有序退役不仅能带来巨大的环境效益与社会效益，也为“双碳”目标的实现提供了有力保障。     

染料酸性橙Ⅱ生产废水处理工艺

以天津某染化厂的酸性橙Ⅱ废水为研究对象,利用Ｎ₂₃₅-煤油－Ｈ₂ＳＯ₄－ＮａＯＨ的萃取－反萃取体系,通过静态杯皿实验,确定了萃取－反萃取过程的最佳工艺参数,使萃取效率可达９０％ ,出水ＣＯＤ值可降低到３５０ｍ ｇ／Ｌ;酸性橙Ⅱ废水的有机成分总浓缩倍数达２５～４０倍;废水的萃余液经二次萃取法和混凝沉淀法处理后,出水的ＣＯＤ值＜ ２００ｍ ｇ／Ｌ,色度＜ ８０倍,达到天津市工业废水的排放标准