两种水体铜配合容量测试方法的适用性比较及应用

配合(络合)容量是影响重金属在水体中环境行为的重要指标.为比较两种测量方法测量值的差异及人为污染物对配合容量的影响,以乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)和安赛蜜分别作为强、弱配体,对水体铜配合容量(Cu CC)的双硫腙萃取动力学测试法(萃取法)和离子选择电极测试法(电极法)进行验证和比较.研究发现,萃取法更适合用于测定水体中强配体对Cu CC的贡献,而电极法的测试结果与水溶液中强、弱配体的存在均有关联.两种方法对实际水体的测定结果显示,电极法对水库、排污河等地表水体Cu CC的测定值(86.9~227.0μmol·L~(-1))比萃取法(9.9~14.6μmol·L~(-1))高约1个数量级,而对于垃圾渗沥液,电极法的测定值(6 998.4~31 005.8μmol·L~(-1))比萃取法(89.6~109.1μmol·L~(-1))高2个数量级.结果表明,污染受纳水体重金属络合容量的升高主要是由弱配体化合物增加导致,且弱配体的含量与水体氨氮和有机氮的总和具有显著的相关性(R=0.975,P0.01).     

Lake eutrophication management modeling using dynamic programming

Lake eutrophication problems have received considerable attention in Taiwan, especially because they relate to the quality of drinking water. In this study, steady-state river water quality and lake eutrophication models are solved using dynamic programming algorithms to find the nutrient removal rates for eutrophication control during dry season. The kinetic cycle of chlorophyll-a, phosphorus and nitrogen for a complete-mixed lake is considered in the optimization framework. The Newton-iterative technique is adopted to solve the nonlinear equations for the steady-state lake eutrophication model. The optimization framework is applied to Cheng-Ching Lake in southern Taiwan. Several nutrient loading scenarios for eutrophication control are studied. Optimization results for nutrient removal rates and corresponding wastewater treatment capacities of each reach of the Kao-Ping River define the least cost approach to lake eutrophication control. A natural purification method, structural free water surface wetland, is also suggested to save more investment and improve river water quality at the same time.     

Characterization of dissolved organic carbon and Humic substances in the well water of the Blackfoot disease area in Taiwan

Since the early 1960s, many investigators have reported that blackfoot disease, a peripheral vascular disease, observed in southwestern Taiwan is due to drinking the higher arsenic concentration in well water. However, recent studies indicated that the relationship with blackfoot disease is not only with arsenic but also humic substances. This paper presents some results concerning the characterization (such as fluorescence, elemental composition, molecular weight and carbon distribution) of humic substances isolated from the Fuhsing well water of the blackfoot disease area. For comparison, the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and humic substances in the normal well water from Chiuying and the Nanwan coastal water were also analyzed. In general, in the well water of the blackfoot disease area, extremely high concentrations of DOC (18.5mg/L) and fulvic acid (7.54mg/L) with high fluorescence intensity (59.1, equivalent to 0.0282uM quinine sulfate solution) and high percentages (over 50%) of low molecular weights of less than 1,000 were obtained compared with those of normal waters. C‐13 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed a high content (37.2%) of aromatic carbon. These higher concentrations of DOC and fulvic acid with the higher content of aromatic carbon in well water might be one of the key factors causing the blackfoot disease in Taiwan.     

2030年将有多热?

<正>一直以来,我们对未来全球环境,特别是气候的所知都来自气候建模,而这部分工作则由IPCC(联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会)和其他气候学家完成,最有代表意义的就是IPCC已发表的成千上万卷以"决策者摘要"为标题的预测报告。这些详尽的调查构成了决策者的决     

城市雨洪资源利用经济价值评价研究

对城市雨洪的合理利用,有助于城市防止内涝、减少灾害、改善水环境,同时能够解决城市水资源短缺,有助于实现水资源可持续利用。文章通过对西安市雨洪资源量的分析,建立了雨洪资源利用的经济效益评价指标,同时,通过分析雨洪资源的利用对国民经济的促进作用,构建了雨洪资源利用的经济价值评价模型,确定了1998～2007年西安市雨洪资源利用对国民经济的贡献量,为下一步建立系统动力学模型分析资源与经济的相互影响奠定了基础。同时,利用该模型测算出2007年西安市雨水利用量约为234万m3,2006年雨洪资源的合理利用推动GDP增长104607.9万元,2007年雨洪资源的合理利用推动GDP增长125787.2万元,但同时尚有76556.61万m3的雨洪资源未得到合理利用。     

衰变子体对241Am2Zr2O7固化体晶胞体积影响的模拟

为探索241 Am核素衰变子体对241Am2Zr2O7烧绿石固化体晶胞体积的影响,根据递次衰变理论计算了241Am衰变子体种类及其含量随时间的变化值,并以Nd2Zr2O7作为Am2Zr2O7的模拟物,La作为241Am衰变子体Np的模拟元素,采用Sol-喷雾热解法合成了(Nd1-xLax)2Zr2O7(0.1≤x≤0.9)系列模拟固化体.利用XRD和SEM研究了该固化体晶胞参数(α、V)随x的变化关系以及其烧结体的微观结构.结果表明,经103 a后,241 Am核素的相对摩尔分数仅为最初的10-5at％,其子体237Np的摩尔分数将达到70at％以上,并在4.3×103a后达到峰值(约99at％).相较其他常规方法,Sol-喷雾热解法能在更低温度、更温和的条件下获得纯相的(Nd1-xLax)2Zr2O7烧绿石样品,且能保证其烧结体晶粒细小(约10 μm),结构致密,残余气孔率可减少到5％.(Nd1-xLax)2Zr2O7模拟固化体的晶胞参数(α、V)均随x的增加而逐渐增大,在相同x条件下,其晶格常数理论值较试验值大0.2％,其晶胞体积在x为0.9时将膨胀约4％.(Nd1-xLax)2Zr2O7模拟固化体晶胞参数变化趋势与(Am1-xNpx)2Zr2O7固化体的理论值基本一致.     

华东区域PM2.5变化背景下浙江省人口经济暴露水平评估

利用1998~2012年卫星反演的细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))全球高精度产品数据集,精细化地给出了华东地区PM_(2.5)时空分布与变化特征,并分析了此背景下浙江省PM_(2.5)的人口经济暴露水平.结果表明1998~2012年期间,浙江省区域平均PM_(2.5)浓度整体变化呈现出先增加、后下降的特征,拐点出现在2007~2009年前后,与华东区域大背景的变化趋势一致.1998~2000年华东南部与山东东部的年平均PM_(2.5)浓度基本保持在50μg·m~(-3)以下,其余地区大多在50~75μg·m~(-3)左右,华东地区和浙江省PM_(2.5)浓度超过35μg·m~(-3)的地区分别占到51.8%和21.1%.1998~2009年PM_(2.5)浓度上升趋势非常明显,华东地区的平均变化趋势为2.58μg·(m~3·a)~(-1),浙江省的上升趋势较华东区域慢,为1.43μg·(m~3·a)~(-1).2007~2009年PM_(2.5)浓度达到最大,华东和浙江省超过35μg·m~(-3)的地区分别占到82.1%和65.9%.此后PM_(2.5)浓度呈现出下降的变化趋势,华东地区和浙江省的平均变化趋势分别为-1.75μg·(m~3·a)~(-1)和-1.58μg·(m~3·a)~(-1),PM_(2.5)浓度超过35μg·m~(-3)的地区比例均有所下降,说明政府颁布的一系列节能减排方针政策可能对华东地区的空气质量改善起到了一定的成效.2010年浙江地区PM_(2.5)暴露水平超过35μg·m~(-3)的人口比例和GDP比例分别为74.0%和70.8%,其中38.1%的人口生活的环境和38.9%的GDP产生的环境PM_(2.5)浓度年平均值在50μg·m~(-3)以上.     

MICP技术加固岩石节理的力学机理试验研究∗

微生物诱导碳酸盐沉淀(MICP)是近年国内外兴起的一种微生物岩土技术,即利用微生物新陈代谢的矿化作用诱导产生碳酸盐沉淀,在土体抗液化、堤坝加固等领域得到广泛实验和应用,相较传统边坡加固手段,其绿色环保的特点更符合可持续发展理念。为探究MICP技术在完全分离的岩石节理试件中的胶结效果,通过一种可采用流体分阶段胶结岩石节理面的实验装置,实现MICP胶结液对岩石节理试件的胶结,在不同法向应力下探究其抗剪强度。结果表明:(1)MICP技术对岩石节理具有一定胶结作用;(2)随剪切位移的增加,MICP胶结实验组与无充填对照组的剪切强度维持一致,即二者抗剪残余应力基本相等;(3)胶结养护7 d的抗剪强度可达无充填对照组的85%。     

Prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of congenital megalourethra

Congenital megalourethra is a rare genital anomaly characterized by dilatation of the penile urethra without evidence of distal obstruction. Reports of the prenatal diagnosis of this condition in the literature are limited. We present a case of congenital megalourethra with obstructive uropathy from the posterior urethra diagnosed prenatally at 18 weeks of gestation. ‘Prune-belly’-like features, colonic malrotation, and imperforate anus were also found on autopsy.     

Volatility of propoxur from different surface materials commonly found in homes

The purpose of this study was to determine the volatilization rates of propoxur from different surface materials commonly found in homes, and to conduct field measurements under ventilated and non-ventilated conditions. Since it is known that temperature, humidity and constant air flow most significantly affect volatility, various surface materials were sprayed using a constant amount of propoxur under the controlled conditions of an exposure chamber. Acetonitrile was used to desorb both XAD-2 resin that collected airborne propoxur and surface materials containing propoxur residue. HPLC was used to analyze propoxur concentrations. Based on multiple regression models, temperature most significantly affected volatility, followed by humidity. Volatilization rates of propoxur were highest from quartz surfaces and lowest from glass. Interaction was most readily found on glass surfaces based on humidity-air flow and humidity-temperature factors. In field applications, propoxur was sprayed in a room under two conditions with ventilation and without in order to measure the concentrations of propoxur in the air and on a quartz surface. Findings showed both airborne and settled concentrations peaked after a half hour then decreased under both conditions, both more sharply in the ventilated room. Under both conditions, no propoxur was detected on the quartz surface after three and a half hours but airborne concentrations remained detectable after thirty-three and one half hours. We conclude that to maintain good air quality, ventilation is important and special care must be taken when spraying insecticides on different surfaces.