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271.
The present study evaluates the toxicity of 34 propargylic alcohols, including primary, primary homo-, secondary, and tertiary alcohols, based on their effects on phytoplankton. A closed-system algal toxicity test was applied because the closed-system technique presents more realistic concentration-response relationships for the above compounds than the conventional batch tests. The green alga, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, was the test organism and final yield and growth rate were chosen as the test endpoints. Among all the propargylic alcohols tested, 1-pentyn-3-ol is the most toxic compound with its EC50 equal to 0.50 mg L(-1), which can be classified as a "R50" compound (very toxic to aquatic organisms, EC50/LC50 < 1 mg L(-1)), following the current practice for classification of chemicals in the European Union (EU). There are several other compounds including 2-decyn-1-ol, 3-decyn-1-ol, 1-hexyn-3-ol, 3-butyn-2-ol, and 3-hexyne-2,5-diol, which deserve more attention for their possible adverse impact on the aquatic environment, because these alcohols can be classified as "R51" compounds (toxic to aquatic organisms, EC50/LC50 between 1 and 10 mg L(-1)). Compared to the base-line toxicity relationship (narcosis QSAR) derived previously, tertiary propargylic alcohols can be identified as nonpolar narcotic chemicals, while secondary alcohols and primary alcohols with low molecular weight generally exhibit obvious excess toxicity in relation to the base-line toxicity. Finally, quantitative structure-activity relationships were established for deriving a preliminary estimation of the toxicity of other propargylic alcohols. 相似文献
272.
The removal of the organic toxic chemicals di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), di-2-ethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP), nonylphenol (NP), and bisphenol-A (BPA) by laccase obtained from the spent mushroom compost (SMC) of the white rot fungi, Ganoderma lucidum, was investigated. The optimal conditions for the extraction of laccase from SMC required using sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.0, solid : solution ratio 1 : 5), and extraction over 3 h at 4 °C. The removal of NP was enhanced by adding CuSO(4) (1 mM), MnSO(4) (0.5 mM), tartaric acid (20 mM), 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS; 1 mM), and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT; 20 mg L(-1)), with ABTS yielding a higher NP removal efficiency than the other additives. At a concentration of 2 mg L(-1), DBP, DEHP, NP, and BPA were almost entirely removed by laccase after incubation for 1 day. The removal efficiencies, in descending order of magnitude, were DBP > BPA > NP > DEHP. We believe that these findings could provide useful information for improving the efficiency of the removal of organic toxic chemicals in the environment. 相似文献
273.
Comparative assessments of VOC emission rates and associated health risks from wastewater treatment processes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
WB Yang WH Chen CS Yuan JC Yang QL Zhao 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2012,14(9):2464-2474
With the growing concern regarding emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), the relationship between the VOC emission rates and the associated public health risks has been rarely discussed. The objective of this study was to examine and compare the VOC emission rates and cancer and non-cancer risks by inhalation intake, using a municipal WWTP in China as an example, with respect to the effects of treatment technologies, VOC species, and seasonal variation. Given the treatment technology considered, the emission rates of VOCs in this study were estimated by means of mass balance or calculated on the molecular level. From the viewpoints of both emission rates and cancer and non-cancer risks, sedimentation was the treatment technology with the highest health risks to the workers. Slightly lower VOC emission rates and health risks than those for sedimentation were observed in anaerobic treatment. Although the aeration significantly enhanced the VOC emission rates in the aerobic treatment process, the associated health risks were limited due to the low VOC concentrations in the gas phase, which were likely attributed to the strong mixing and dilution with fresh air by aeration. Amongst the VOCs investigated, benzene was the VOC with both a relatively high emission rate and health risk, while trichloroethylene possessed a high emission rate but the lowest health risk. Without strong interfacial aeration and turbulence between the water and atmosphere, the effects of treatment technology and seasonal variation on the health risks might be connected to the VOC emission rates, while the effect of VOC species depended considerably on the respective cancer slope factors and reference concentrations; the employment of aeration provided a different conclusion in which the emission rates were enhanced without a significant increase in the related cancer risks. These findings can provide insight into future health risk management and reduction strategies for workers in WWTPs. 相似文献
274.
以硝酸银和硫酸铬钾代替硫酸汞来消除 COD 测定中的氯离子干扰,同时将重铬酸钾溶液的浓度降低为0.100 mol/L,并用硫磷混酸代替硫酸,该方法经过对标准样品和实际样品的测定,表现出对于测定氯离子含量低于25000 mg/L的高氯低 COD 值水样具有较好的准确度和精密度,同时可以实现银盐的回收再利用。 相似文献
275.
石家庄市冬季大气中VOCs污染特征分析 总被引:5,自引:3,他引:2
为弄清石家庄市冬季大气中VOCs的污染特征,采用美国环保局TO-15方法对石家庄市冬季大气中VOCs组成进行了定性和定量分析。在此基础上,进行了VOCs的月度变化分析、春节期间的变化分析,并进行了VOCs与空气质量指数AQI、PM2.5等之间的相关性分析;根据VOCs组成及变化情况和相关性,分析了其可能的来源。结果表明,石家庄市冬季大气中VOCs的质量浓度为145.7~1 410.7μg/m3,VOCs组分主要有丙酮、二氯甲烷、苯、乙酸乙酯、甲苯、1,2-二氯丙烷、三氯甲烷。春节期间,大气中VOCs的浓度有大幅的下降,比日常均值下降了40.9%。AQI较高时,大气中VOCs浓度有所升高。石家庄市冬季大气中丙酮、二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯等主要来源于医药化工生产活动,苯、甲苯主要来源于煤燃烧。 相似文献
276.
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278.
西安市黑碳气溶胶浓度特征及与气象因素和常规污染物相关性 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
利用西安市环境监测站超级站2013年9月1日—2015年5月31日黑碳气溶胶(BC)的监测数据,研究空气中BC浓度特征及其与气象因素和常规污染物相关性。结果表明:BC小时平均浓度均值在春季、夏季和冬季的变化趋势呈"W"型,秋季呈"V"型,且冬季的第一个最低值和峰值比春季和夏季的分别延迟1 h和2~3 h,且20:00~次日6:00秋季BC小时平均浓度均值高于当年冬季。BC浓度在秋季和冬季较高,夏季较低。冬季BC/PM_(2.5)基本最低,秋季BC/PM_(2.5)相对最高。BC日平均浓度与气温、降水和风速的日平均值为极负显著相关,且风速小于1.0 m/s时,其与风速呈最显著的负相关。除O_3外,BC日平均浓度与其他常规空气污染物浓度呈显著相关,表明其同源性很强,且受机动车尾气排放的影响更大。 相似文献
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280.