Effects of aerosol species on atmospheric visibility in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan

Visibility data collected from Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, for the past two decades indicated that the air pollutants have significantly degraded visibility in recent years. During our study period, the seasonal mean visibilities in spring, summer, fall, and winter were only 5.4, 9.1, 8.2, and 3.4 km, respectively. To ascertain how urban aerosols influence the visibility, we conducted concurrent visibility monitoring and aerosol sampling in 1999 to identify the principal causes of visibility impairments in the region. In this study, ambient aerosols were sampled and analyzed for 11 constituents, including water-soluble ions and carbon materials, to investigate the chemical composition of Kaohsiung aerosols. Stepwise regression method was used to correlate the impact of aerosol species on visibility impairments. Both seasonal and diurnal variation patterns were found from the monitoring of visibility. Our results showed that light scattering was attributed primarily to aerosols with sizes that range from 0.26 to 0.90 pm, corresponding with the wavelength region of visible light, which accounted for approximately 72% of the light scattering coefficient. Sulfate was a dominant component that affected both the light scattering coefficient and the visibility in the region. On average, (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3, total carbon, and fine particulate matter (PM2.5)-remainder contributed 53%, 17%, 16%, and 14% to total light scattering, respectively. An empirical regression model of visibility based on sulfate, elemental carbon, and humidity was developed, and the comparison indicated that visibility in an urban area could be properly simulated by the equation derived herein.     

长江三角洲的的生产力布局、基础设施与城市发展

随着社会经济的发展，长江三角洲的生产力布局也发生相应的变化，针对其现状特征和发展动向，论述了生产力布局的基本框架以及相关的基础设施、城市发展等问题。     

医用多功能防护服研究与发展

简要回顾了医用防护服的起源和发展历史,分析了国内外医用防护服的现状,论述了医用防护服的发展趋势。笔者通过大量调研和分析认为:对纺织材料、功能整理、织物复合和服装结构工艺进行系统研究设计,选用聚四氟乙烯复合膜和超微细熔喷材料作为隔离层,在保证隔离病毒的前提下,能有效排汗透湿,改善了医用防护服的舒适性;对涤纶织物进行拒水、抗静电、抗菌、阻燃等功能整理,解决了面料的协同增效和耐久性难题;根据抗“非典”防护服的要求,采用高性能隔离层材料,应用科学的合理工艺手段可以达到医用多功能防护服的要求。总后军需装备研究所,采用了一种新型独特的复合方法制成的PTFE复合膜层压织物,其具有集隔离病毒、透湿、拒水、抑菌、抗静电、阻燃、防血液渗透等多种功能于一体的特点,PTFE复合膜防护服可经多次机洗和消毒,能够适应不同寒、热环境使用。     

区域洪涝灾害恢复力时空演变研究——以巢湖流域为例

提高自然灾害恢复力是应对气候变化和自然灾害的重要途径之一。在总结自然灾害恢复力研究的基础上,全面考虑自然、社会、经济、技术、管理等5个维度对其的影响,构建巢湖流域洪涝灾害恢复力评价指标体系,并基于ANP分析方法求得非独立指标间的权重,评价巢湖流域洪涝灾害恢复力,进而分析2000~2010年之间巢湖流域洪涝灾害恢复力时空演变规律,以期为提高巢湖流域洪涝灾害恢复力水平提供有价值的参考。研究结果表明,2000~2010年巢湖流域大部分地区洪涝灾害恢复力指数都在增长,但增长速率存在不同地区、不同维度上的明显差异;从流域平均水平来看,10 a间巢湖流域洪涝灾害恢复力指数在增长,其中自然维的指数是下降的,其他维度的指数为增长,并且对巢湖流域洪涝灾害恢复力增长正向影响最大的是经济维影响因子,而自然维的影响因子对恢复力增长起到了负向作用;2000~2010年巢湖流域洪涝灾害各等级恢复力分布格局变化不大,但其他地区与合肥市辖区恢复力的差距在拉大。     

Improved biogas production from rice straw by co-digestion with kitchen waste and pig manure

In order to investigate the effect of feedstock ratios in biogas production, anaerobic co-digestions of rice straw with kitchen waste and pig manure were carried out. A series of single-stage batch mesophilic (37 ± 1 °C) anaerobic digestions were performed at a substrate concentration of 54 g/L based on volatile solids (VS). The results showed that the optimal ratio of kitchen waste, pig manure, and rice straw was 0.4:1.6:1, for which the C/N ratio was 21.7. The methane content was 45.9–70.0% and rate of VS reduction was 55.8%. The biogas yield of 674.4 L/kg VS was higher than that of the digestion of rice straw or pig manure alone by 71.67% and 10.41%, respectively. Inhibition of biogas production by volatile fatty acids (VFA) occurred when the addition of kitchen waste was greater than 26%. The VFA analysis showed that, in the reactors that successfully produced biogas, the dominant intermediate metabolites were propionate and acetate, while they were lactic acid, acetate, and propionate in the others.     

水平潜流人工湿地脱氮功效中植物的作用

为了研究芦苇(Phragmites australis)在收割期前/后、湿地床体内部各个区域内、一年四季中在水平潜流人工湿地脱氮效用所起的作用,实验设置了有/无植物2组平行反应器。结果表明,芦苇在收割前/后对于水平潜流人工湿地脱氮效果均有促进作用,植物地上部分氮吸收量占湿地脱氮量的10.2%。在芦苇收割前/后(5月~9月、10月~次年5月),芦苇湿地日均脱氮量分别是无植物湿地的1.55倍与1.11倍。高、矮芦苇不同组织中总氮浓度分布趋势一致,2种芦苇各组织含量分别为:穗(28.69 g/kg)>叶(13.69 g/kg)>茎(5.31 g/kg)、穗(28.06 g/kg)>叶(14.61 g/kg)>茎(8.46 g/kg)。在湿地的各个沿程区域,总氮、氨氮累加去除率变化趋势一致,并且从反应器前部到尾部呈上升趋势,从上部到下部呈下降趋势。有芦苇湿地的脱氮效用优于无植物湿地,且底部氮积累含量也较少。一年四季中有芦苇湿地在各个季节脱氮量是无植物湿地的1.06~1.47倍。     

High spatial and seasonal heterogeneity of pCO2 and CO2 emissions in a karst groundwater-stream continuum,southern China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Accurate quantification of the emission of CO2 from streams and rivers is one of the primary challenges in determining the global carbon budget...     

环己烷泄漏事故模拟与风险控制措施研究

环己烷具有闪点低、爆炸极限宽等特点,一旦发生泄漏,着火爆炸的危险性随时存在。利用计算流体动力学模拟的方法对工程项目中环己烷的泄漏事故进行模拟及风险分析,建立环己酮生产装置的全尺寸三维模型并进行仿真计算,模拟了不同泄漏场景所形成的环己烷可燃气体云团瞬态发展过程及影响范围,并对建构筑物的布局对可燃气体云团的扩散行为的影响进行研究。研究结果表明,通过优化建构筑物布局,可有效降低该装置环己烷的燃爆风险,为企业相关装置的总图布置及环己烷泄漏的安全监控和应急响应提供有价值的参考数据。     

桥式起重机安全评估指标体系研究和系统设计

在对桥式起重机的设计、结构组成和常见事故故障资料进行调查研究的基础上,分析了桥式起重机在工程应用中遇到的不安全因素,建立了较完善的安全评估指标体系。设计了一种基于模糊神经网络的桥式起重机安全评估系统并对系统的软件功能设计进行了初步探讨。建立了模糊神经网络评估数学模型,利用MATLAB工具对模型进行了仿真验证,结果表明此模型是可行的。通过研究,为进一步针对桥式起重机展开定性、定量评估及安全管理与决策提供了有益参考     

生物视觉的研究

生物视觉是目前科学技术研究的热点之一。笔者通过对生物视觉形态学方面的深入研究 ,探讨了生物视觉产生、发展的结构与机制 ,尤其研讨了视觉通路的解剖结构、感受野分层等级假设、视觉信息的并行处理性质及视觉皮层间的反馈和整合作用等。同时还介绍了当前生物视觉方面的研究进展