基于熵权物元模型的城市化地区河流健康评价分析——以湖州市区不同城市化水平下的河流为例

城市化下河流健康评价问题是当前人们关注的热点问题.本文针对城市化地区河流健康不断恶化的问题,选取了与其密切相关的生态水文过程的5个要素9个指标构建了河流健康评价指标体系,并运用熵权物元模型对湖州市区不同城市化水平下的河流健康状况进行了定量评价和动态分析.通过对1991、2001、2006年太湖流域湖州市区河流健康综合关联度的计算分析,得出了研究区河流健康状况朝着病态方向发展的趋势.同时发现河网发育系数变化率、绿地覆盖率和农林业产值增长率等限制因子对河流健康的影响不容忽视.而通过与多指标综合评价方法进行比较,表明熵权物元模型能有效克服权重判定的主观性以及河流健康概念的模糊性和各评价指标之间的不相容性问题,可为平原河网地区的河流健康提供一种新的评价方法.     

Soil organic carbon decomposition and carbon pools in temperate and sub-tropical forests in China

Decomposition of soil organic carbon (SOC) is a critical component of the global carbon cycle, and accurate estimates of SOC decomposition are important for forest carbon modeling and ultimately for decision making relative to carbon sequestration and mitigation of global climate change. We determined the major pools of SOC in four sites representing major forest types in China: temperate forests at Changbai Mountain (CBM) and Qilian Mountain (QLM), and sub-tropical forests at Yujiang (YJ) and Liping (LP) counties. A 90-day laboratory incubation was conducted to measure CO(2) evolution from forest soils from each site, and data from the incubation study were fitted to a three-pool first-order model that separated mineralizable soil organic carbon into active (C(a)), slow (C(s)) and resistant (C(r)) carbon pools. Results indicate that: (1) the rate of SOC decomposition in the sub-tropical zone was faster than that in the temperature zone, (2) The C(a) pool comprised approximately 1-3% of SOC with an average mean residence time (MRT) of 219 days. The C(s) pool comprised approximately 25-65% with an average MRT of 78 yr. The C(r) pool accounted for approximately 35-80% of SOC, (3) The YJ site in the sub-tropical zone had the greatest C(a) pool and the lowest MRT, while the QLM in the temperature zone had the greatest MRT for both the C(a) and C(s) pools. The results suggest a higher capacity for long-term C sequestration as SOC in temperature forests than in sub-tropical forests.     

浅谈如何加强企业安全管理工作

“安全生产,责任重于泰山”,这是时常挂在人们嘴上的一个话题。但是,仍然有很多无辜的生命被火灾、爆炸、中毒等接连不断的工业事故所吞噬。因此,加强企业的安全管理工作刻不容缓。     

油田企业安全文化建设亟需解决的几个问题及对策

油田企业生产工作具有点多、线长、面广、庞杂、易燃易爆、有毒有害、高温高压、连续作业等特点,安全生产管理难度相当大,若稍有不慎,就会酿成大的事故.因此,避免或减少重大事故的发生是油田企业安全文化建设的重要目标.20世纪90年代,随着HSE管理体系引入中国,国内油田企业相继建立了HSE管理制度,并把HSE安全管理体系作为企业安全文化建设的主要载体.但油田企业安全文化建设仍存在误区,完全文化建设体系亟需进一步完善.     

The adsorptive capacity of vapor-phase mercury chloride onto powdered activated carbon derived from waste tires

Injection of powdered activated carbon (PAC) upstream of particulate removal devices (such as electrostatic precipitator and baghouses) has been used effectively to remove hazardous air pollutants, particularly mercury-containing pollutants, emitted from combustors and incinerators. Compared with commercial PACs (CPACs), an alternative PAC derived from waste tires (WPAC) was prepared for this study. The equilibrium adsorptive capacity of mercury chloride (HgCl2) vapor onto the WPAC was further evaluated with a self-designed bench-scale adsorption column system. The adsorption temperatures investigated in the adsorption column were controlled at 25 and 150 degrees C. The superficial velocity and residence time of the flow were 0.01 m/sec and 4 sec, respectively. The adsorption column tests were run under nitrogen gas flow. Experimental results showed that WPAC with higher Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area could adsorb more HgCl2 at room temperature. The equilibrium adsorptive capacity of HgCl2 for WPAC measured in this study was 1.49 x 10(-1) mg HgCl2/g PAC at 25 degrees C with an initial HgCI2 concentration of 25 microg/m3. With the increase of adsorption temperature < or = 150 degrees C, the equilibrium adsorptive capacity of HgCl2 for WPAC was decreased to 1.34 x 10(-1) mg HgCl2/g PAC. Furthermore, WPAC with higher sulfur contents could adsorb even more HgCl2 because of the reactions between sulfur and Hg2+ at 150 degrees C. It was demonstrated that the mechanisms for adsorbing HgCl2 onto WPAC were physical adsorption and chemisorption at 25 and 150 degrees C, respectively. Experimental results also indicated that the apparent overall driving force model appeared to have the good correlation with correlation coefficients (r) > 0.998 for HgCl2 adsorption at 25 and 150 degrees C. Moreover, the equilibrium adsorptive capacity of HgCl2 for virgin WPAC was similar to that for CPAC at 25 degrees C, whereas it was slightly higher for sulfurized WPAC than for CPAC at 150 degrees C.     

基于SWAT模型的瀼渡河生态流量计算方法

保障和管理河湖生态流量是加强水资源开发利用管控的基本要求,是实施长江大保护和高质量发展的重要内容.以瀼渡河为例,提出了针对无实测流量的河流推算生态流量的方法.首先,利用SWAT水文模型模拟得到1990—2019年30年逐月流量过程,表明该河流流量由上游至下游逐渐增大,且具有明显的汛期和非汛期特征;其次,采用蒙大拿法、最...     

铜渣催化H2O2氧化处理棉浆黑液

采用铜渣催化H2O2类Fenton氧化反应处理棉浆黑液,研究了酸析pH、H2O2投加量、铜渣投加量对棉浆黑液COD和TOC去除率及溶出Fe2+质量浓度的影响,考察了铜渣重复使用性能,讨论了铜渣催化作用机制.结果表明:在酸析pH为2、H2O2投加量为25 mmol/L、铜渣投加量为2.5 g/L条件下,反应180 min...     

降雨入渗条件下内河航道岸坡稳定性分析

降雨入渗是引起内河航道岸坡失稳的重要因素。目前降雨入渗条件下岸坡稳定性数值分析中,关于岸坡竖向剖面的饱和度与孔压分布规律,主要针对不同的雨型分布开展研究,而不同的降雨强度、降雨历时和土体饱和渗透系数也会显著影响饱和度与孔压随深度的分布,从而影响岸坡的稳定性;降雨作用下的许多岸坡失稳现象发生在降雨停止后的某一时刻,目前鲜见针对降雨作用停止后岸坡稳定性变化规律的数值模拟研究;当降雨强度与岸坡土体饱和渗透系数较为接近时,对岸坡的稳定性最为不利,已有研究中没有结合降雨强度考虑土体饱和渗透系数变化对岸坡稳定性的影响。基于此,通过建立ABAQUS有限元数值模型,分析降雨作用对岸坡饱和度、孔隙水压力、位移变形和安全系数的影响。结果表明:降雨入渗会使岸坡浅层土体的饱和度与孔压急剧升高;雨水渗流及基质吸力会使岸坡土体产生变形,强降雨会使浅层土体发生严重塑性破坏;降雨强度一定时,随着降雨时长增加,岸坡稳定性降低,土体渗透系数较小时,岸坡安全系数最小值出现在降雨结束后某一时刻;土体渗透系数对于岸坡稳定性的影响需同降雨强度结合起来考虑。     

空地协同模式在城市水环境监测中的应用研究

传统水质监测方法耗时且费力，而基于高光谱的水质监测技术可实现对水质的快速、直观、原位监测。以扬州古运河三湾段为研究区域，基于无人机高光谱成像仪与水质走航监测船相配合，采用空地协同模式和偏最小二乘回归算法对总磷（TP）、总氮（TN）、氨氮（NH₃-N）、高锰酸盐指数（I_Mn）4个水质参数进行定量反演研究。结果表明：该反演模型的决定系数（R²）为91%～97%；拟合效果依次为NH₃-N＞I_Mn＞TN＞TP；各指标反演误差绝对值为0.2%～4%。该方法具有较好的反演效果，可快速、准确地获取城市河道水质分布情况，适用于城市水环境监测。