美国《濒危物种法》介评

一般而言,对濒危物种实施法律保护是世界各国生物多样性保护法律的核心.从世界范围看,美国的濒危物种保护法律制度是极有特色和卓有成效的,其立法规定和司法实践较为完善和成熟.对其进行研究对我国的濒危物种保护立法有较大的借鉴意义.鉴于此,本文对美国濒危物种保护制度的核心--联邦《濒危物种法》（the Endange red Species Act）的主要内容进行研究,以期为我国的物种保护法制建设服务.     

Elemental sulfur effects on Pb and Zn uptake by Indian mustard and winter wheat

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of elemental sulfur to contaminated soil on plant uptake by a heavy metal hyperaccumulator, Indian mustard( Brassica juncea ) and a field crop, winter wheat( Triticum. aestivum). Elemental sulfur(S) with different rates was carried out, they were 0(S0 ), 20(S20 ), 40(S40 ), 80(S80 ), and 160(S160 ) mmol/kg respectively. Extra pots with the same rates of S but without plants were used for soil sampling to monitor pH and CaCl2-extractable heavy metal changes. The results showed that S enhanced phytoextraction of Pb and Zn from contaminated soil. Application S effectively decreased soil pH down to 1.1 as the most at the rate of Sl60. The concentrations of CaCl2-extractable Pb and Zn in soil and uptake of Pb and Zn by the plants were increased with soil pH decreased. A good correlation between CaCl2-extractable Pb/Zn and soil pH was found( Rpb^2 = 0.847 and RZn^2 = 0,991, n = 25). With S application, soil CaCl2-extractable Pb and Zn concentrations, concentration of Pb and Zn in plants and the amount of removal by plant uptake were significanfly higher than those without S. Under the treatment of S160, the highest CaCl2-extmctable Pb and Zn were observed, they were 4.23 mg/kg and 0.40 mg/kg, 2.7 and 2.0 times as that of the control(So ) respectively. At the highest rates of S( Sl~0 ), both Indian mustard and winter wheat reached the highest uptake of Pb and Zn. The highest Pb concentrations in wheat and Indian mustard were 32.8 mg/kg and 537.0 mg/kg, all 1.8 times as that of the control, and the highest Zn concentrations in wheat and Indian mustard were 215.5 mg/kg and 404.0 mg/kg, 2.4 and 2.0 times as that of the control respectively. The highest removals of Pb and Zn from the contaminated soil were 0.41 rag/pot and 0.31 nag/pot by Indian mustard in the treatment of S160 through 50 days growth.     

舰用武器装备环境工程实施探讨

针对舰用武器装备经受“三高一多”的恶劣海洋环境特点,介绍了环境工程在舰用武器装备研制过程中的实施途径,包括环境工程管理,环境适应性分析、设计和试验等工作的重点,最后提出了收集环境信息、完善维护细则和进行环境整体防护等环境工程工作的建议。     

江苏里下河腹部地区湖泊湖荡春季浮游植物群落结构和营养状态

以江苏省里下河腹部地区38个典型湖泊湖荡为研究对象,分析了春季浮游植物群落结构特征及其与环境因子的关系,运用了基于理化指标的综合营养状态指数(TLI)评价方法和基于浮游植物群落结构分析的生物指标(Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H′和Pielou均匀度指数J)评价方法,评价了湖泊湖荡营养状态.结果显示共采集到里下河腹部地区湖泊湖荡浮游植物7门50属89种,主要隶属于绿藻门(Chlorophyta)和硅藻门(Bacillariophyta);浮游植物细胞丰度介于2.3×10~5～3.7×10~7 cells·L~(-1),生物量介于0.05～15.02 mg·L~(-1),绿藻门与隐藻门(Cryptophyta)在细胞丰度上占优势,隐藻门在生物量上占优势;梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella meneghiniana)、啮蚀隐藻(Cryptomonas erosa)、尖尾蓝隐藻(Chroomonas acuta)、四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus guadricauda)为主要优势种;生物指标评价方法的结果显示湖泊湖荡总体为轻度富营养,与TLI评价方法的结果有较好一致性,表明两类评价方法在里下河腹部地区具有较强内在关联性.     

钙基磁性生物炭对Cr（VI）污染土壤钝化稳定化机制及微生物影响研究

生物炭改性材料因具有活性官能团众多、吸附效能高等优势被广泛应用于土壤重金属污染修复治理中.本研究以稻谷壳为原料,采用 共沉淀法及CaCO₃浸渍法制备了钙基磁性生物炭（Ca-Fe-B）,并使用电子扫描显微镜（SEM）、傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）、X射线衍射分析（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱分析（XPS）进行表征.同时,通过梯度浓度Cr（VI）污染土壤实验考察Ca-Fe-B施入对土壤pH、Cr（VI）稳定化效果、土壤酶活性及微生物群落结构的影响,并阐述其钝化机理.结果表明：①Ca-Fe-B表面负载Fe₃O₄、γ-Fe₂O₃、Fe₃C及以方解石形式存在的CaCO₃,具有大量—OH、—O—C=O、Si—O—Si、C≡C及C≡N等官能团;②Ca-Fe-B可显著提升土壤pH,在Cr（VI）污染浓度为100、200、1000 mg·kg^-1时,90 d的 固定效率分别可达72.57%、67.07%及59.88%,并使土壤中部分可交换态Cr转化为可还原态及残渣态Cr;③Ca-Fe-B可促进土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶与几丁质酶酶活性,但磷酸酶对其响应不显著,也可显著提升土壤中Proteobacteria门菌相对丰度;④Ca-Fe-B表面形成Si—O—Ca—OH键可吸附Cr（VI）, Fe（Ⅱ）作为电子供体参与土壤Cr（VI）还原过程,并生成Cr₂O₃、Cr（OH）₃沉淀及（Cr_xFe_1-x）（OH）₃、Cr_xFe_1-xOOH络合沉淀,以—OH、 —C=C—、O—C=O为主的大量含氧官能团协同吸附络合土壤中的Cr（VI）.研究显示, Ca-Fe-B对Cr（VI）污染土壤具有良好的稳定性能,有望为土壤重金属污染修复提供一种新的研究思路和技术路线.     

城市表层土壤重金属污染分析研究

根据某城市土壤表层中的8种重金属Cu、Pb、Cd、Hg、As、Cr、Ni、Zn的浓度数据,利用地统计学原理方法,研究了不同功能区土壤重金属的污染特征。结果表明Cd、Cu、Hg、Pb和Zn在工业区和主干道路区浓度超标,并且这几种元素的富集系数偏高,说明污染来源主要是工业生产、汽车尾气排放及汽车轮胎磨损等。此研究对城市土壤重金属污染治理及修复、重金属污染重点行业污染控制等提供参考。     

基于eDNA技术的渭河浮游动物多样性及关键种生态位特征

环境DNA（eDNA）技术作为水生态系统生物多样性监测的新手段,能够从微观角度对生物群落结构特征进行分析.基于渭河干流eDNA浮游动物OTUs分类信息数据及水环境参数,采用多样性指数、非度量多维尺度分析、聚类分析和关联网络分析等方法,探究了浮游动物的多样性和群落结构变化特征,揭示了关键种的生态位分化及其环境适应性.结果表明,浮游动物群落在物种组成、丰度、多样性和空间异质性方面均存在显著差异（P<0.01）.Chao1指数、ACE指数、Shannon指数和Simpson指数的均值分别为22.25、22.38、2.32和0.68,下游生物多样性明显高于上游.群落中的关键种与其他物种间连接度较高,具有高节点度、中心性和模块化特征.关键种（类）的OTUs生态位宽度B_i变化范围为0.38~0.80,中生态位种类占全部关键种（类）的63%,生态位重叠程度总体较高.水环境要素与浮游动物群落结构和生态位变化密切相关,其中总氮和水温是其主要限制因子,对浮游动物群落结构变化具有重要影响.     

本溪地区灰霾天气时空分布特征分析研究

近年来,灰霾天气对本溪地区的影响越来越严重,由霾引发的环境污染对人们生产生活造成的影响也越来越大,因此对灰霾天气发生的时空分布特征的研究就尤为重要.文章运用本溪地面观测2012-2014年本溪市、本溪县、桓仁县3个国家基本站的观测资料,对霾日进行筛选和统计,分析本溪地区霾日发生的时空分布特征,本溪地区霾日数呈逐年增长趋势,2014年霾日数增长迅速.本溪地区冬半年霾日明显多于夏半年,两县霾日少于市区,空气质量优于市区.     

地铁振动与噪声对周围建筑物的影响及控制措施

随着我国地铁建设的快速发展,地铁运行引起的振动和噪声污染对周围建筑物的影响越来越引起人们的重视。文章在分析建筑物对地铁振动响应规律的基础上,通过对包括振源控制、振动传播途径控制、敏感建筑的减振隔振等在内的地铁振动控制技术的总结研究和一些实例的探讨,为地铁振动与噪声的控制提供一些有益的借鉴。     

Decomposition and phosphorus release from four di erent size fractions of Microcystis spp. taken from Lake Taihu, China

Decomposition of Microcystis is accompanied by the release of phosphorus, during bacteria play an important role. A series of experiments were undertaken to evaluate the e ect of bacteria on the decomposition of Microcystis taken from Lake Taihu, China, a lake that is su ering from dense Microcystis blooms. The 16 experiments involved four size fractions of colonial Microcystis with or without the addition of lake sediment and Gram-negative bacterial inhibitor NaN3. The highest decomposition rates were recorded for the smallest size Microcystis fraction (< 25 m) with the addition of the sediment. The lowest decomposition rates were recorded for the smallest Microcystis fraction without the sediment, but with the addition of Gram-negative bacterial inhibitor NaN3. The higher decomposition rates in the treatments with NaN3 and sediment suggest that Gram-positive bacteria in the sediment are important for the decomposition process. Additionally, higher concentrations of total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) in the treatments with NaN3 suggest that more phosphorus accumulates in the Gram-negative bacterial cells around the colony, which may be an important source of phosphorus for Microcystis cells. In the no-sediment treatments, the ratios of TDP concentration to initial TP concentration were 64%–82%. The results of this experiment suggest that both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria play an important role in the decomposition of Microcystis cells and the release of phosphorus from Microcystis colonies.