区域物质流规模结构分析评价方法及应用研究

生态经济体系中环境的引导和调控作用是经济系统物质代谢的重要组成部分.为了更为完善地分析评价经济发展和环境压力的关系,在输入端、输出端物质流规模和结构分析中侧重于物质隐藏流的综合计算,并以广州市南沙区为例进行实证研究.研究结果表明:南沙区域出口与出口物质隐藏流呈逐步上升趋势;南沙区的区内生产过程排放呈现"先降后增、总体递增"的趋势,今后南沙区应加强对工业生产过程中工业固废和二氧化硫排放的监控.     

Structural and metabolic responses of microbial community to sewage-borne chlorpyrifos in constructed wetlands

Long-term use of chlorpyrifos poses a potential threat to the environment that cannot be ignored, yet little is known about the succession of substrate microbial communities in constructed wetlands(CWs) under chlorpyrifos stress. Six pilot-scale CW systems receiving artificial wastewater containing 1 mg/L chlorpyrifos were established to investigate the effects of chlorpyrifos and wetland vegetation on the microbial metabolism pattern of carbon sources and community structure, using BIOLOG and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) approaches. Based on our samples, BIOLOG showed that Shannon diversity(HV) and richness(S) values distinctly increased after 30 days when chlorpyrifos was added. At the same time, differences between the vegetated and the non-vegetated systems disappeared. DGGE profiles indicated that H Vand S had no significant differences among four different treatments. The effect of chlorpyrifos on the microbial community was mainly reflected at the physiological level. Principal component analysis(PCA) of both BIOLOG and DGGE showed that added chlorpyrifos made a difference on test results.Meanwhile, there was no difference between the vegetation and no-vegetation treatments after addition of chlorpyrifos at the physiological level. Moreover, the vegetation had no significant effect on the microbial community at the genetic level. Comparisons were made between bacteria in this experiment and other known chlorpyrifos-degrading bacteria. The potential chlorpyrifos-degrading ability of bacteria in situ may be considerable.     

基于层次分析法的中原经济区流域水系统健康评价

为了在水资源与水环境双重制约下制订人水和谐发展的政策提供决策支持,以我国中原经济区这一重点开发区域为例,基于层次分析法构建了以水系统自然条件、水系统服务功能及人类活动影响三要素(共计20项指标)为基础的流域水系统健康评价体系,并以2011年作为评价年,将中原经济区的水资源二级区作为基本流域单元对水系统健康状况进行评价. 结果表明:中原经济区9个水资源二级区中,除了淮河上游水资源二级区(3.20分,完全健康状态为5.00分)为基本健康状态、汉江水资源二级区(2.77分)和三门峡至花园口水资源二级区(2.18分)为亚健康状态以外,其余水资源二级区(0.55~1.77分)均为不健康及极不健康状态. 分析显示,人类活动影响是影响中原经济区内各流域水系统健康状况的主要原因,人口众多、工农业开发活动强度大使得其对水资源需求巨大. 部分水资源二级区对地下水资源依赖程度较高,造成不同程度的地下水超采现象. 伴随着高强度水资源利用的是水污染物的高强度排放,部分河流水污染状况严重,甚至在局部地区造成了地下水污染. 这种不健康的状态在中原经济区内由南向北随着水系统自然条件和水系统服务功能的降低呈加重趋势.      

缺水地区人类活动净氮输入与河流响应特征——以海河流域为例

人类活动净氮输入(NANI)是影响河流氮输出的重要因素,研究两者的响应关系对制定氮污染的削减策略具有重要意义.基于NANI核算模型,评估了海河流域人为氮输入强度,并采用实测数据估算了同期的河流氮输出,最终得到干旱缺水区河流氮输出对NANI的响应特征.结果表明,海河流域2008—2012年均NANI输入强度为13258 kg·km~(-2)·a~1,化肥施用、食品与饲料输入、大气沉降和农作物固氮分别占76%、17%、5%和2%;在空间分布上,黑龙港运东子流域的NANI负荷最高,达到24238 kg·km~(-2)·a~(-1),最小的是永定河子流域,为5320 kg·km~(-2)·a~(-1);海河流域主要河流的氮通量与子流域NANI输入呈现显著正相关关系(p0.05),NANI变化可解释67%的河流氮通量变化.然而,仅2%的NANI由河流输出,这一比例低于其他地区研究成果,表明缺水地区河流作为氮输出的功能被削弱,河流不是流域氮输出的主要途径.     

BiPO_4-BiVO_4复合光催化剂的制备及其光催化性能

采用水热法制备了BiPO_4-BiVO_4复合光催化剂,运用XRD,SEM,UV-Vis DRS技术对其进行了表征,并以亚甲基蓝为目标降解物考察了复合光催化剂在模拟太阳光下的光催化性能。实验结果表明:当BiPO_4与BiVO_4的摩尔比(磷钒比)为2∶8时BiPO_4-BiVO_4的光催化性能最优,光照180 min时对亚甲基蓝(初始质量浓度5mg/L)的降解率达96.20%,反应速率常数为0.018 1 min-1,明显优于单纯BiPO_4和BiVO_4。表征结果显示:单斜相的BiPO_4与BiVO_4晶粒实现了复合生长,BiPO_4-BiVO_4(磷钒比2∶8)的晶粒粒径比单纯BiPO_4和BiVO_4小;复合光催化剂在紫外光和可见光区均具有较好的光响应,且其禁带宽度较BiPO_4明显减小。     

PPP 模式在荒漠治理中的应用研究

作为世界上荒漠化最严重的国家之一,中国的土地荒漠化已经呈现出不断蔓延的趋势,而现有的荒漠化治理在虽然取得了一定的成果,但并未能从根本上遏制荒漠化地蔓延,主要问题在于治理的方式和投资资金的管理能力不足。在荒漠化治理中引入PPP模式,使政府部门和私营部门之间实现优势互补,风险共担,将政府在治理荒漠化中的社会责任感和私营企业高效的运营能力相结合,实现荒漠化治理中的共赢,才能够有效的解决当前面临的荒漠化形势。     

慈溪大气PM10及其水溶性离子污染特征研究

研究了慈溪市大气中PM10及其水溶性离子的分布特征。通过对慈溪市四个季度的PM10监测,获得其年间浓度水平变化,了解其时空分布及相关性。对实验数据分析得知,PM10及其水溶性离子浓度与气压、气温有关。含量最高的水溶性离子是NH4+离子,浓度范围在0.01~10.85μg/m3;其次是NO3-,浓度范围在0.14~7.78μg/m3;再次是SO42-,浓度范围在0.05~6.62μg/m3;最低的Cl-的浓度范围在0.02~1.82μg/m3。SO42-、NO3-、Cl-的浓度市区高于乡镇。NH4+的浓度乡镇高于市区。水溶性离子的浓度整体冬季浓度高于夏季。污染主要来源于汽车尾气与工业燃煤。     

海水对含水层沉积物中镭解吸的模拟实验

本研究采用莱州湾沿岸含水层中的沉积物,通过渗滤实验模拟镭的解吸过程。结果表明,在典型的地下水流速范围内(0.02~0.30 cm/min),镭同位素(223Ra、224Ra、226Ra)的解吸没有显著变化。在海水与淡水的混合过程中,解吸的镭比活度与水的盐度呈显著的线性正相关关系。当盐度超过海水盐度时(如S=80的卤水中),解吸的镭比活度则趋于最值平台。对比模拟估算的地下水中镭的比活度与莱州湾沿岸实测间隙水中镭的比活度,223Ra和224Ra的结果基本一致,而226Ra的实测结果较模拟估算结果偏小。可能由于含水层中226Ra经反复解吸后得不到母体核素及时补充所致。本研究将为更好地理解镭同位素在含水层中的地球化学行为提供科学依据,为合理地选择量化海底地下水排放(submarine groundwater discharge,SGD)模型的镭端元值提供新的参考视角。     

Toward a framework of environmental risk management for CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> geological storage in china: gaps and suggestions for future regulations

China encourages the demonstration of carbon capture and storage (CCS) projects. In an effort to identify gaps and provide suggestions for environmental risk management of carbon dioxide (CO₂) geological storage in China, this article presents a concise overview of potential health, safety and environmental (HSE) risks and environmental management regulations for CO₂ geological storage in Australia, Japan, the United States (USA), the European Union (EU), and the United Kingdom (UK). The environmental impact assessment (EIA) experience of Shenhua Ordos Coal-to-Liquid (CTL) Project and PetroChina Jilin Oil Field enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is subsequently analyzed in light of our field investigation, and gaps in current EIA guidelines that are applicable to CO₂ geological storage projects are identified. It is found that there are no specific environmental risk regulations suitable for CO₂ storage in China, and environmental risk management lags behind the development of CCS technology, which presents a challenge to demonstration enterprises in terms of assessing environmental risk. One major challenge is the overestimation or underestimation of this risk on the part of the enterprise, and another is a lack of applicable regulations for government sectors to supervise the risk throughout CCS projects. Therefore, there is a pressing need for China to formulate environmental management regulations that include environmental risk assessment, mandatory monitoring schemes, environmental emergency plans, and related issues.     

火炮机械系统可靠性强化试验方案探讨

目的尝试将可靠性强化试验理论引入其可靠性研究中,提高火炮机械系统的可靠性。方法首先分析可靠性强化试验的发展动态及其应用于机械系统的必要性,而后在对其理论依据进行分析的基础上,明确火炮机械系统可靠性强化试验研究的目的。结果依据火炮机械系统的主要失效模式,制定了包含机械工作原理分析等7个步骤的可靠性强化试验方案,详细分析了各环节的内容及作用。结论研究结果为可靠性强化试验在火炮机械系统中的应用提供一定理论支撑。