异波折板水解酸化-A2O一体化反应器实验研究

设计了异波折板水解酸化-A2O一体化反应器,进行生活污水处理的实验研究。10个月的实验结果表明,系统的最佳水力停留时间（HRT）为8 h时,最适COD进水浓度为240-100mg/L,最佳混合液回流比（r）-污泥回流比（R）为250%-100%。控制反应器于以上运行参数下,25±2℃所对应的COD、TN和TP去除率分别为96.84%、67.55%和81.92%。当温度降至7℃时,其COD、TP和TN分别降至86.35%、50.25%和65.68%。基于实验分析结果,阐明了一体化反应器高效性的机理在于异波折板水解酸化段具有高效传质特性和A2O段具有复合式活性污泥-接触氧化好氧池的特点。     

Cu and Zn adsorption onto non-residual and residual components in the natural surface coatings samples (NSCSs) in the Songhua River, China

Natural surface coatings samples (NSCSs) from the surface of river shingles were employed to investigate the roles of non-residual and residual components of the NSCSs in controlling Cu and Zn adsorption via the selective extraction techniques and statistical analysis. The results indicate that the greatest contribution to metals adsorption on a molar basis was from Mn oxides in the non-residual fraction. Metals adsorption capacities of Mn oxides exceeded those of Fe oxides by one order of magnitude, fewer roles were found attributing to adsorption by organic materials (OM), and the estimated contribution of the residual fraction to metals adsorption was insignificant. These results implied that Mn oxides were the most important component in controlling heavy metals in aquatic environments. Experiments with Cu and Zn adsorption measured together showed that Cu severely interfered with Zn adsorption to the NSCSs and vice versa under the conditions of the two coexisted ions adsorption.     

Biota–sediment accumulation factor (BSAF), bioaccumulation factor (BAF), and contaminant levels in prey fish to indicate the extent of PAHs and OCPs contamination in eggs of waterbirds

Samples of pond sediment, fish, and shrimp were collected from the Ramsar site at Mai Po marshes, Hong Kong (south China), and samples of pond sediment, fish, and shrimp, as well as eggs of water birds (Chinese Pond Herons (Ardeola bacchus) and Little Egrets (Egretta garzetta)), were collected from two smaller wetland sites at Jiangsu Province (mid-China), between 2004 and 2007. Accumulation levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the biota were used to calculate biota–sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) and bioaccumulation factor (BAF). For fish and shrimp, BSAFs of OCPs (3.8–56) were greater than those of PAHs (0.12–6.3). BSAFs and BAFs of 11–79 and 4–34, respectively, were registered for OCPs in eggs of the birds and were greater than those for PAHs (0.11–1.5 and 0.02–1.3, respectively). Assuming that fish were the main prey of the birds, greater bioaccumulation of OCPs was detected for both bird species (BAFs?=?4.5–34), while accumulation of PAHs was only detected in Little Egret (BAF?=?1.3). A significant linear relationship (p?<?0.01) was observed between concentrations of OCPs in bird eggs and in the prey fish. The present study provides a new possibility of using OCP levels detected in prey fish to predict the extent of OCPs contamination in eggs of waterbirds including the endangered species, as a noninvasive method.     

基于氧化还原分析的硫化矿尘爆炸压力预测

为探究可应用于生产现场的硫化矿尘爆炸压力预测方法,基于硫化矿尘爆炸反应机理和粉尘引爆试验数据对硫化矿尘的氧化还原成分与其爆炸压力的相关关系进行分析。研究结果表明：硫化矿尘的还原成分指数与其爆炸压力的相关性极高,尤其是与其爆炸压力峰值的相关性系数高达0.993。整合研究结果形成的硫化矿尘爆炸压力和爆炸压力峰值计算和预测模型,可为金属矿山的硫化矿尘爆炸预防提供决策依据。     

火灾情况下竖井中性面多区域模型

建立了竖井侧向连续开缝和竖井侧向连续开缝及上部开口两种情况下竖井中性面位置的多区域模型,并根据火灾情况下竖井内温度的分布规律对多区域模型进行了简化。根据竖井内温度竖向分布,将竖井划分为多个区域,在Klote模型的基础上推导出竖井中性面高度。通过CFD数值模拟,将Klote模型、双区域模型及多区域模型与模拟结果进行对比,结果可知多区域模型误差最小。     

碱法草浆黑液厌氧处理中钠的抑制作用

试验了烧碱法草浆黑液中，钠在厌氧过程中的抑制特性。研究表明，钠盐抑制作用强度为：氯化钠＞木素钠＞硫酸钠＞硅酸钠。相对产甲烷率ＰＭ（Ｉ）和钠浓度Ｉ的关系，可用ＰＭ（Ｉ）＝［１＋（Ｉ／Ｋｉ）＾ａ］＾－１拟合，污泥经过驯化，对钠的耐受能力可提高。     

我国环保产业投入与产出的空间非均衡性分析

环保产业是我国七大战略性新兴产业之一,加快发展环保产业是促进发展方式转型、提高经济增长质量的重要举措.基于空间非均衡性理论与测算方法,通过构建环保产业投入与产出评价指标,计算了我国环保产业投入与产出的基尼系数,探究了东中西部环保产业投入与产出的空间差异.结果表明,在2000年、2004年和2011年3个时间点,我国环保产业投入水平的基尼系数处于0.3~0.4区间内,呈现出地区间均衡发展的趋势;环保产业产出水平的基尼系数分别为0.33、0.40和0.45,即我国环保产业产出水平的区域差异愈加明显,对经济增长的贡献逐渐呈现出不均衡态势;环保产业投资效率的空间非均衡性明显,2011年基尼系数甚至达到0.72,即投资效率的极不均衡状态.此外,我国东中西部地区在环保产业投入水平方面基本一致,东部和中部地区在环保产出水平方面明显优于西部地区,东部地区在投资效率方面遥遥领先其他区域.基于我国环保产业发展空间非均衡性的特点,提出了加快环保产业发展的政策建议:保持东部地区的环保投入力度,发掘中西部地区环保产业发展的新动力,充分利用产业发展的空间溢出效应等.      

苯系物事故应急救援避免环境污染的对策探讨

分析了在苯系物事故应急救援中,苯系物事故应急救援对环境造成的影响,提出了避免造成环境污染的对策。     

工业废弃场地再开发的环境评估：Ⅱ健康风险评估

工业废弃场地往往受到严重的土壤地下水污染,再开发往往会给公众带来潜在健康风险。对河南某城市一工业废弃污染场地进行了健康风险评估。根据未来土地利用状况,分剐对居住场景和建筑场景的健康风险进行了评估。在居住场景下,总石油烃会引起较高的非致癌风险,而苯会通过口腔摄入和呼吸摄入导致较高的致癌风险。假如长期饮用MW—1附近区域的地下水时,苯和总石油烃会给居民带来不可接受的非致癌风险。同时苯还会带来较高的致癌风险。在建筑场景下,由于较短的暴露周期,场地污染不会带来不可接受的风险。为保护未来居民的健康,应当在场地开发为住宅小区前进行污染区域的修复。     

圆盘式固相萃取HPLC法测定饮用水中微囊藻毒素LR和RR

采用固相微萃取与高效液相色谱联用技术（SPE／HPLC）测定饮用水的微囊藻毒索,并对SPE的萃取条件和HPLC的色谱条件进行了优化,对SPE的多项参数,诸如萃取率、检出限及测定限以及准确度和精密度均作了测试。通过实际水样进行了分析,该方法测定MC—LR（LR型微囊藻毒索）的线性范围为0．5～50ug／L,相关系数为0．9992;测定MC—RR（RR微囊藻毒索）的线性范围为0．5—50ug/L,相关系数为0．9989。SPE法之优于LLE法主要在于分析过程快速,有机溶剂使用量大大减少,方法更适合于大量水样中有机污染物的现场取样处理。