美国污染场地清理的风险评估简介及政策制定

本文主要介绍美国加州污染场地清理的风险评估的概念,方法,计算和风险管理.从而引进挥发性污染物室内入侵风险评估方法来制定污染场地清理标准.讨论如何运用数学模型计算土壤清理浓度和挥发性污染物室内入侵风险评估.在风险评估基础上,加州环保署水质管理局颁布了地下储油罐低风险结案政策.政策中的污染场地清理定量标准是由人体健康风险评估方法计算得出.最后,用一个具体的美国加州洛杉矶案例介绍风险评估方法是怎样运用在污染场地清理修复中,以回答污染场地修复的关键问题"多干净算干净".     

淀山湖水、沉积物和鱼体中的合成麝香及人体暴露评估

合成麝香是一类"类持久性"有机污染物,研究其在城市近郊湖泊的污染变化,可以更好地了解生活污染源对湖泊水环境的影响特点,为湖泊水环境研究积累更多基础数据.研究了上海近郊淀山湖水体、沉积物和鱼体中合成麝香的污染状况及其人体的暴露状况.结果表明,佳乐麝香(HHCB)是表层水和沉积物中的主要合成麝香类污染物,平均浓度为11.9 ng·L-1和0.98 ng·g-1干重.合成麝香在淀山湖野生鱼体中也有存在,主要污染物HHCB的中值浓度为122 ng·g-1脂重.淀山湖水环境的整体污染水平不高.表层水的合成麝香污染受到采样时间影响较明显,7月丰水期的表层水浓度偏低(Mann-Whitney U检验,p=0.000,p0.05);沉积物浓度随采样时间的变化并不十分明显.淀山湖进水区域采样点的污染程度普遍高于出水区域.淀山湖沉积物的HHCB浓度远小于底栖生物的无观察效应浓度(no observed effect concentration).经食物摄入(饮食、饮水)途径暴露的合成麝香量仅为0.90 ng·d-1·kg-1体重,显著低于因个人护理用品使用产生的皮肤暴露量.淀山湖水环境已受到合成麝香的影响,但污染水平较低,生态风险和健康影响很小.     

泥沙沉降对水体中溶解性有机物光谱学特性的影响

以沈阳市新开河为研究对象,考察了泥沙沉降过程中,沉降时间、泥沙含量、pH、盐度对水体中溶解性有机物(DOM)的含量和光谱学特性的影响.结果表明,泥沙沉降条件下,水体中DOC随泥沙沉降时间的增长而先增大后减小,随泥沙含量的增加而先减小后增大,随pH的增大而增大,随盐度的增大而减小.随着pH的增大,水体中DOM的芳香性增强;随着盐度的增大,水体中DOM的芳香性降低.随着泥沙沉降时间的增长,DOM中各类荧光物质的含量先增加后减少;随着泥沙含量的增加,DOM中类腐殖酸和类富里酸荧光物质的含量增加,而类溶解性微生物代谢产物荧光物质和类芳香族蛋白质荧光物质的含量降低.在泥沙沉降过程中,下层水体中DOC、在波长为254 nm处的紫外吸光度(UV-254),以及DOM中荧光物质含量的变化量高于上层水体.     

大气臭氧污染对冬小麦气孔吸收通量的影响机制及其时空格局

近地层臭氧作为一种二次污染物,其不断增加的浓度及其对作物的影响已经成为各国政府和公众关注的焦点.本文以冬小麦为研究对象,基于大田OTC试验,对OTC内气象因子和气孔导度进行连续观测.引进气孔导度模型,并进行本地参数化研究,结合通量模型,研究冬小麦气孔臭氧吸收通量的变化特征,并对江苏省各市冬小麦气孔导度和O_3吸收通量的时空分布进行模拟.结果表明,O_3浓度增加会限制其叶片气孔导度,浓度越高,限制作用越明显;利用修订后的气孔导度模型对冬小麦叶片气孔导度进行模拟,表明模型解释了实测气孔导度90%、77%和83%的变异性.结合通量模型对冬小麦气孔O_3通量进行模拟,则CK(约为53.67 n L·L~(-1))、100 n L·L~(-1)和150 n L·L~(-1)O_3浓度处理下冬小麦在整个O_3熏期的累积吸收通量分别为6.42、12.27和13.90 mmol·m-2;江苏地区冬小麦在其生长季期间O_3浓度呈逐渐增加的趋势,冬小麦平均气孔导度的大小表现为:中期后期前期的时间变化特点,在整个中期时段气孔O_3累积吸收通量最多.     

基于干湿分类优化的城市生活垃圾收运处理系统研究

为解决"垃圾围城"困境,在充分考量我国城市生活垃圾特点、居民生活垃圾分类能力以及垃圾处理可行方案的前提下,提出以干湿分类为基础,并对干垃圾进行二次分类的城市生活垃圾分类体系。基于此分类体系,对既有生活垃圾收运处理系统的优化调整进行了探讨,提出优化调整原则。最后,以郑州市为例,给出了城市生活垃圾收运处理系统优化调整的具体方案,并证明了新的城市生活垃圾分类体系,以及对城市生活垃圾收运处理系统的优化调整,在提高垃圾资源化率和减少填埋量方面的有效性。     

Case study of dust event sources from the Gobi and Taklamakan deserts: An investigation of the horizontal evolution and topographical effect using numerical modeling and remote sensing

A severe dust event occurred from April 23 to April 27, 2014, in East Asia. A state-of-the-art online atmospheric chemistry model, WRF/Chem, was combined with a dust model, GOCART, to better understand the entire process of this event. The natural color images and aerosol optical depth (AOD) over the dust source region are derived from datasets of moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) loaded on a NASA Aqua satellite to trace the dust variation and to verify the model results. Several meteorological conditions, such as pressure, temperature, wind vectors and relative humidity, are used to analyze meteorological dynamic. The results suggest that the dust emission occurred only on April 23 and 24, although this event lasted for 5 days. The Gobi Desert was the main source for this event, and the Taklamakan Desert played no important role. This study also suggested that the landform of the source region could remarkably interfere with a dust event. The Tarim Basin has a topographical effect as a “dust reservoir” and can store unsettled dust, which can be released again as a second source, making a dust event longer and heavier.     

青霉素菌渣肥对土壤环境及萝卜品质的影响

青霉素菌渣具有较高的营养价值,菌渣肥料化技术将成为解决菌渣处置问题的重要手段.为了评估青霉素菌渣肥肥效,通过田间小区试验,采用6种不同施肥方式[① CK,不施肥;② CF,常规量化肥;③ MF,化肥与菌渣肥1:1混施(混合肥);④ PF1,常规量青霉素菌渣肥;⑤ PF2,2倍常规量青霉素菌渣肥;⑥ PF4,4倍常规量青霉素菌渣肥],考察菌渣肥对土壤环境及萝卜品质的影响.结果表明:青霉素菌渣肥的施入相对于不施肥处理可以提高土壤营养成分的含量,其中w(速效钾)和w(速效磷)在PF2处理下增加最多,w(速效钾)增加了23.7%,w(速效磷)增加了17.9%,之后是MF;在萝卜的整个生长期,土壤中微生物的含量与青霉素菌渣肥施加量呈正相关,在发芽期微生物数量最高;此外,在发芽期各处理方式相对于不施肥处理,均能提高蛋白酶和蔗糖酶的活性,随着青霉素菌渣肥施入量的增加,脲酶活性变化不明显,蔗糖酶活性逐渐增大.在萝卜品质方面,施加青霉素菌渣肥可提高萝卜的品质,如根质量最高提高了73.57%,w(维生素C)提高11.28%~148.20%,w(可溶性糖)提高12.00%~58.60%;施加菌渣肥也会增加萝卜中硝酸盐的含量,但过量施加菌渣肥会增加硝酸盐含量,存在一定的风险.      

Purification, characterization and application of dual coagulants containing chitosan and different Al species in coagulation and ultrafiltration process

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different Al species and chitosan (CS) dosages on coagulation performance, floc characteristics (floc sizes, strength and regrowth ability and fractal dimension) and membrane resistance in a coagulation–ultrafiltration hybrid process. Results showed that different Al species combined with humic acid in diverse ways. Al_a had better removal efficiency, as determined by UV₂₅₄ and dissolved organic carbon, which could be further improved by the addition of CS. In addition, the optimal dosage of different Al species was determined to be 4.0 mg/L with the CS concentration of 1.0 mg/L, by orthogonal coagulation experiments. Combining Al_a/Al_b/Al_c with CS resulted in larger flocs, higher recovery, and higher fractal dimension values corresponding to denser flocs; in particular, the floc size at the steady state stage was four times larger than that obtained with Al species coagulants alone. The results of ultrafiltration experiments indicated that the external fouling percentage was significantly higher than that of internal fouling, at around 85% and 15%, respectively. In addition, the total membrane resistance was significantly decreased due to CS addition.     

Spatio-temporal variation of landfill gas in pilot-scale semi-aerobic and anaerobic landfills over 5 years

Variation of CH₄, CO₂, and O₂ concentrations in layers of different depths in semi-aerobic and anaerobic landfills was analyzed over a period of 5 years. The results showed that most of the municipal solid waste became basically stable after 5 years of landfill disposal. In the upper and middle layer, the concentration of CH₄ in the semi-aerobic landfill was significantly lower than that in the anaerobic landfill in different landfill periods, while in the lower layer, there was little difference in the CH₄ concentration between the semi-aerobic and anaerobic landfills. The average concentration of CH₄ and CO₂ in the anaerobic landfill was always higher than that in the semi-aerobic landfill, while the O₂ concentration showed an opposite variation in different landfill periods. This was related to the aerobic reaction of landfill waste around the perforated pipe in the semi-aerobic landfill, which inhibited effective landfill gas generation.     

活性污泥胞外聚合物的组成与结构特点及环境行为

在活性污泥处理系统中,微生物大多以污泥絮体的形式悬浮在水中。胞外聚合物(EPS)作为污泥絮体的重要组成部分,以其独特的聚合结构和化学组成,在污水生物处理系统中起到重要作用。为了更好的描述EPS的环境行为,文章综合了近年来国内外相关的研究成果,首先分析了EPS的来源、化学组成及结构分布,得出EPS中包含蛋白质、多糖、腐殖酸、核酸、糖醛酸及脂类大分子等化学物质,其中蛋白质和多糖之和占总有机物含量的70%~80%;在结构上,EPS分为SB-EPS、LB-EPS和TB-EPS,三者与细胞结合的紧密程度递增,其中所含化学成分比例的不同将使其具有不同的理化特性。其次,文章对EPS的理化特征对污水处理系统的影响,如对系统中微生物降解特性的影响、磷和重金属的吸附等进行了讨论,并总结了EPS中相关的官能团对上述环境行为的贡献。同时,文章还论述了EPS中官能团的亲疏水特性及化学成分对污泥絮体的脱水性、絮凝沉降性能的影响。