五大连池水体氮和磷代谢相关的微生物类群分异特性

为阐明东北典型湖库水体中与氮和磷代谢相关的微生物类群的时空分布及其与主要水质指标的相互关系,以五大连池为重点研究对象,调查水体中4种细菌生理类群——AB(氨化细菌)、DNB(反硝化细菌)、OPB(有机磷分解菌)和IPB(无机磷溶解菌)的分布特征.结果表明:4种细菌生理类群数量季节变化规律明显,其中AB,OPB和IPB均在夏季达到峰值,平均值分别为2.8×105,1.1×104和1.6×104 CFU/mL,而DNB的数量则是在秋季相对较高,平均值为1.3×103 mL-1;同时不同点位之间微生物类群的分布也存在一定的差异性.微生物类群与相关水质指标之间的统计分析表明,水体中AB的数量与ρ(TN)和ρ(NH3-N)密切相关,相关系数(r)分别为0.813(P<0.05)和0.933(P<0.01);OPB和IPB的数量与ρ(TP)呈显著正相关;相比ρ(NO3--N)而言,DNB与ρ(NO2--N)之间的相关性更为明显(r=0.846,P<0.05).      

含钛高炉渣合成复合肥料及大豆栽培实验研究

以含钛高炉渣为原料采用加热法制备肥料,以提高其溶解性能,使其中的营养元素转化为易被植物吸收利用的形式,并通过栽培实验研究了肥料对大豆生长状况、性状、产量和营养成分的影响。结果表明:炉渣中Mg、Ti、Fe的溶出率分别为88%、84%和75%,肥料中可被植物有效利用的元素有氮、硅、硫、钙、镁、铁和钛。该肥料可以使大豆产量、百粒重和叶片叶绿素含量明显增加;生育期缩短2 d;籽粒的氮、磷和钾含量显著增加,蛋白质和淀粉含量增加。施用该固态复合肥并未导致钒和铬等重金属元素在大豆体内的富集。     

微波无极紫外方法对二沉池出水的消毒研究

采用自制微波无极紫外连续式消毒反应器,对二沉池出水进行消毒.紫外光源为自制圆柱形无极灯,灯内充汞10mg、氩气压强666.61Pa紫外光强5.07mW/cm²,进水流量0.072L/s,出水细菌总数2CFU/mL,大肠菌群数0.微波无极紫外作用过程中,微波破坏细胞壁细胞膜结构使蛋白质、K⁺等胞内物质产生渗漏,这种不可逆的破坏过程有效抑制紫外光复活现象.     

Nitrogen recovery from wastewater using microbial fuel cells

Nitrogen is one of major contaminants in wastewater; however, nitrogen, as bio-elements for crop growth, is the indispensable fertilizer in agriculture. In this study, two-chamber microbial fuel cells (MFCs) were first operated with microorganisms in anode chamber and potassium ferricyanide as catholyte. After being successfully startup, the two-chamber MFCs were re-constructed to three-chamber MFCs which were used to recover the NO3−−N and NH4+−N of synthetic wastewater into value-added nitrogenous fertilizer from cathode chamber and anode chamber, respectively. Ferric nitrate was used as the sole electron acceptor in cathode, which also was used to evaluate the NO3−−N recover efficiency in the case major anion of NO3− in cathode. The output voltage of these MFCs was about 600–700 mV at an external load of 500 Ω. About 47% NH4+−N in anode chamber and 83% NO3−−N in cathode chamber could be recovered. Higher current density can selectively improve the recovery efficiency of both NH4+−N and NO3−−N. The study demonstrated a nitrogen recovery process from synthetic wastewater using three-chamber MFCs.     

污染场地土壤重金属空间异常值识别及其点源效应的分离

由点源污染导致的土壤重金属空间异常值的分布及点源效应的大小将影响场地风险评估和修复方案的制定,进而影响场地的环境管理.以某典型重金属污染场地为研究区域,以表层土壤Cd含量为研究对象,引入稳健变异函数模型,并筛选出合适的变异函数模型,结合平尾化方法对表层土壤Cd含量空间异常值进行识别和处理,并有效地分离出点源效应.研究表明：研究区表层土壤Cd含量空间变异大且存在明显的空间异常值;CressieHawkins稳健变异函数更适用于对研究区表层土壤Cd含量半方差函数的估计,采用稳健变异函数和平尾化方法能够有效地识别空间异常值和分离点源效应,空间异常值主要分布在受人为活动影响较大的区块;由于准点过程导致的变异较大,分离出的点源效应解释了异常值点位表层土壤Cd含量的大部分.     

东北典型湖库水体对铜绿微囊藻荧光特性的影响

为考察东北典型湖库水体对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystic aeruginosa)生长过程中IDOM(细胞内溶解性有机物)荧光特性的影响,在镜泊湖、兴凯湖、五大连池、松花湖和大伙房水库5个典型湖库,共10个采样点采集水样,用于铜绿微囊藻的培养,利用EEM(三维荧光光谱)技术,结合三维荧光FRI(区域体积积分)开展IDOM荧光特性的聚类分析. 结果表明:铜绿微囊藻中IDOM的主要荧光特征峰为类蛋白荧光峰(峰S和峰T),峰S荧光强度高于峰T;对IDOM的三维荧光光谱分为5个区(Ⅰ～Ⅴ区)进行区域体积积分,荧光响应值比例(P_Ⅰ+Ⅱ,n和P_Ⅳ,n)总体上呈互补趋势;Ф_T,n(总区域体积积分)表现为镜泊湖>五大连池>兴凯湖>松花湖>大伙房水库,第16天镜泊湖的Ф_T,n最大,平均值为9.76×10-5 AU·nm2/(mg/L);大伙房水库的Ф_T,n最小,平均值为3.72×10-5 AU·nm2/(mg/L). 聚类分析将10个采样点分成3类. HJ1、HJ2采样点为类别1;HX1、LD1、JS1、LD2采样点为类别2;HX2、JS2、HW2、HW1采样点为类别3,其中,类别1(镜泊湖)水体较类别2和类别3水体更适宜铜绿微囊藻的生长.      

洪涝灾害承灾体易损性的时空变异——以南京市为例

在分析洪涝灾害承灾体易损性影响因素的基础上,构建了评估指标体系;运用模糊综合评价模型,结合层次分析法,分别用2000年和2010年的指标数据,对南京市进行了洪涝灾害承灾体易损性评估。结果显示:①南京市洪涝灾害承灾体易损性水平最高的是城区,最低的是高淳县;②10年间南京市各县区的洪涝灾害承灾体易损性水平普遍上升,但各自上升的幅度不同;③人口密度、经济密度是决定南京市洪涝灾害承灾体易损性水平高低的主要因素。     

梯度薄膜扩散技术(DGT)与传统化学方法评估黑麦草吸收Cd的对比

为研究不同方法评估黑麦草吸收Cd的效果,采集了16个不同理化性质实际Cd污染土壤,盆栽试验种植黑麦草,采用梯度薄膜扩散技术(DGT)测定黑麦草根际土Cd的生物有效性,并与离心法采集土壤溶液、乙酸(HAc)和乙二胺四乙酸二钠(EDTANa2)3种传统提取方法所提取土壤有效态Cd含量进行比较,研究其与黑麦草地上部和地下部Cd含量的相关关系.结果表明,DGT提取的土壤有效态Cd含量与黑麦草中Cd含量的相关性显著高于化学提取法.运用多元统计分析研究土壤pH、阳离子交换量(CEC)、有机质(OM)和土壤颗粒组成等理化指标的影响,提取出两种主成分因子,建立了多元回归模型.第一主成分与OM和黏粒(clay)之间呈显著相关,定义为土壤中影响重金属生物有效性的"有机指标",第二主成分则与土壤pH和CEC相关程度较高,定义为土壤中影响重金属生物有效性的"无机指标".研究表明,第二主成分显著影响了3种化学方法构建的预测模型,而DGT技术综合了两种主成分对土壤有效态Cd含量的影响,所构建的模型几乎不受土壤基本理化性质的影响,说明DGT分析法是一种预测黑麦草吸收Cd的较好方法.     

Impact of gasoline engine deposits on light duty vehicle emissions: in-use case study in Beijing, China

Tailpipe emissions from light-duty gasoline vehicles usually deteriorate over time. The accumulation of engine deposits due to inadequate gasoline detergency is considered to be one of the major causes of such emission deterioration. Six in-use light-duty gasoline vehicles in Beijing were tested to investigate the impact of engine deposits on emissions of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NO _x ). Emissions under cold start and hot running test conditions from the six light duty vehicles were measured before and after engine deposits were removed. Results show that although individual vehicles reacted differently for each of the pollutants, elimination of engine deposits on average reduced HC emissions under hot running conditions by 29.4%, CO emissions under cold start conditions by 23.0% and CO emissions under hot running conditions by 35.5% (t < 0.05 in all cases). No pollutant emissions increased with statistical significance (t < 0.05) after the removal of engine deposits. Variations of emission changes upon removal of engine deposits were observed. Such variations are in line with previous studies, implying that the impact patterns of engine deposits on vehicle emissions may be subject to many influencing factors that are not fully understood and difficult to control under all conditions. A statistical view of the impact of engine deposits on vehicle emissions may be appropriate for evaluation of emissions reductions across a city or a country. It is necessary to maintain sufficient and effective gasoline fuel detergency in practice to keep the engines clean and in turn reduce vehicle emissions.     

恒河猴piwil1基因的表达

为了解人类近亲恒河猴piwil1基因的结构、表达和功能差异,利用RT-PCR方法克隆了恒河猴piwil1基因,并对其编码产物进行了相应的生物信息学分析,随后检测了piwil1 mRNA在成年恒河猴10种组织中的表达情况,最后利用免疫组化方法比较了PIWIL1蛋白在成人、成年恒河猴和幼年恒河猴睾丸组织中表达的异同.结果表明,恒河猴piwil1基因全长2 586 bp,编码861个氨基酸,氨基酸数目与人类piwil1基因相同.恒河猴PIWIL1蛋白与人的PIWIL1蛋白序列同源性达99%,均含有PAZ结构域和Piwi结构域.在成人和成年恒河猴的睾丸组织中,PIWIL1蛋白均在精母细胞和精细胞的胞浆中表达,而在幼年恒河猴睾丸组织中,PIWIL1表达与成年恒河猴相比存在差异,表达量相对较低,且主要表达于生精小管的细胞的细胞核上.上述结果提示,PIWIL1蛋白在成人和成年恒河猴可能具有相同作用,但是在不同的发育阶段中PIWIL1蛋白的功能不同.