西部大开发中生态环境建设应重视的问题及对策

党中央决定实施西部大开发战略,并把生态环境建设列为优先发展的位置。西部地区自然条件严酷,恢复林草植被难度较大,进行大规模的生态建设,必须结合实际,科学规划,有计划分步骤实施,加大投入,加强管护力度,依靠科技,提高治理效果,促进西部地区乃至全国经济和社会的发展。     

基于遥感技术的生态保护红线区域监测与评价

从生态保护红线区域监管需求出发,利用遥感技术建立生态保护红线区域监测方法,并采用生态保护红线区域自然生态系统构成及变化、生态景观平均斑块面积变化和NDVI植被指数变化3个评价指标,对江苏省盐城沿海地区2012-2013年各类型生态保护红线区域生态环境变化进行了评价.结果表明,水源水质保护和生物多样性保护红线区域生态环境质量综合指数相对较高;桑蚕品种多样性保护红线区域自然生态系统类型占比较低,生态景观较为破碎,生态环境质量综合指数相对较低;大部分生态红线区域生态环境质量保持稳定.     

2017年除夕至初一期间湖南省城市环境空气污染特征分析

对2017年除夕至初一期间（1月27—28日）,湖南省14个市州的78个城市环境空气自动监测站点数据进行了分析。结果表明,烟花爆竹的集中燃放会在短时间内造成严重的大气污染,其中,对PM₁₀和PM_2.5影响最为显著,其次是SO₂,NO₂和O₃受影响程度相对最小。集中燃放烟花对PM₁₀和PM_2.5的小时值增长倍数贡献明显。对全省14个城市PM₁₀和PM_2.5的小时值最大贡献量分别为195～652和116~680 μg/m³;最大增高倍数分别为1.8~10.5倍和2.2~15.8倍。其中对郴州市的影响程度最高。城市集中燃放烟花爆竹期间,ρ（PM_2.5）/ρ（PM₁₀）明显上升,初一01:00最大值为0.69。气象条件也是影响春节期间空气质量的重要因素,风速小、逆温强、湿度大和无降水等不利气象条件使污染物浓度不断累积,形成持续性污染过程。     

Different hydrodynamic processes regulated on water quality (nutrients,dissolved oxygen,and phytoplankton biomass) in three contrasting waters of Hong Kong

The subtropical Hong Kong (HK) waters are located at the eastern side of the Pearl River Estuary. Monthly changes of water quality, including nutrients, dissolved oxygen (DO), and phytoplankton biomass (Chl-a) were routinely investigated in 2003 by the Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department in three contrasting waters of HK with different prevailing hydrodynamic processes. The western, eastern, and southern waters were mainly dominated by nutrient-replete Pearl River discharge, the nutrient-poor coastal/shelf oceanic waters, and mixtures of estuarine and coastal seawater and sewage effluent of Hong Kong, respectively. Acting in response, the water quality in these three contrasting areas showed apparently spatial–temporal variation pattern. Nutrients usually decreased along western waters to eastern waters. In the dry season, the water column was strongly mixed by monsoon winds and tidal currents, which resulted in relatively low Chl-a (<5 μg l^?1) and high bottom DO (>4 mg l^?1), suggesting that mixing enhanced the buffering capacity of eutrophication in HK waters. However, in the wet season, surface Chl-a was generally >10 μg l^?1 in southern waters in summer due to halocline and thermohaline stratification, adequate nutrients, and light availability. Although summer hypoxia (DO <2 mg l^?1) was episodically observed near sewage effluent site and in southern waters induced by vertical stratification, the eutrophication impacts in HK waters were not as severe as expected owing to P limitation and short water residence time in the wet season.     

珠三角区域空气质量预报方法及预报效果评估

介绍了珠三角区域空气质量预报的"六步法"流程,并对2015年空气质量等级和首要污染物预报准确率进行评估研究。结果表明,2015年珠三角区域空气质量以优良为主,24 h等级预报准确率1月最高2月最低,平均准确率为87.6%;出现的首要污染物种类包括PM2.5,PM10,O3-8 h和NO2,预报准确率9月最高3月最低,平均准确率为72.7%。     

Residents’ concerns and attitudes toward a municipal solid waste landfill: integrating a questionnaire survey and GIS techniques

The ever-growing industry of municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal appeals to the growing need for disposal facilities, and MSW treatment facilities are increasingly an environmental and public health concern. Residents living near MSW management facilities are confronted with various risk perceptions, especially odour. In this study, in an effort to assist responsible decision-makers in better planning and managing such a project, a structured questionnaire was designed and distributed to assess the nearby residents’ concerns and attitudes surrounding the Laogang Landfill in Shanghai. Geographic information system techniques and relevance analysis were employed to conduct the spatial analysis of physical perceptions, especially odour annoyance. The findings of the research indicate that a significant percentage of the responding sample was aware of the negative impacts of landfills on the environment and public health, and residents in close proximity preferred to live farther from the landfill. The results from the spatial analysis demonstrated a definite degree of correlation between odour annoyance and distance to the facility and proved that the benefits of the socially disadvantaged have been neglected. The research findings also direct attention to the important role of public participation, information disclosure, transparency in management, and mutual communication to avoid conflicts and build social trust.     

安全价值观契合对矿工安全行为的影响:一个链式中介模型

为探索个人-组织安全价值观契合对矿工安全行为的影响机制,通过理论分析和文献研究提出研究假设模型;编制测量问卷,采用方便抽样法对640名矿工进行问卷调查;通过结构方程建模分析验证假设模型.结果 表明:个人-组织安全价值观契合、安全自我效能感、工作投入和安全行为两两之间显著正相关;个人-组织安全价值观契合不仅直接影响矿工的...     

提高SBR好氧颗粒污泥脱氮除磷性能的策略调控

室温下接种成熟好氧颗粒污泥于SBR反应器中,以实际生活污水为进水基质,采用梯度进水联合优化A/O/A时间配比策略以期提高污泥的脱氮除磷效果.结果表明,缺氧时间由0.5h延长至1.5h时,能同时保证脱氮除磷高效进行.此时A/O/A时间比为1:1.6:1,平均TN去除率提高至81.27%,平均TP去除率保持90%以上,平均COD去除率保持在85%以上.同时,同步硝化反硝化(SND)率降低至25.24%,缺氧吸磷比例由0.43%上升至2.81%,进而说明此A/O/A时间比下反硝化糖菌(DGAOs)的反硝化作用对脱氮的贡献增加.缺氧时间延长至2h,A/O/A时间比为3:5:4时,过度缺氧导致微生物内源呼吸和丝状菌繁殖,平均TN、TP去除率降低至51.48%、72.46%.缺氧时间为1.5h时,MLSS为3501mg/L较低,但MLVSS/MLSS(f)升高至0.95,说明淘洗掉了非功能菌,使脱氮除磷功能菌大量生长.随缺氧时间延长至1.5h,即A/O/A时间比为1:1.6:1,PN/PS增加至6.89,故颗粒稳定性不断增强,在1h以内缺氧时间延长对LB-EPS影响更大且对EPS含量影响不大,超过...     

城市污泥的特性及管道输送技术研究

城市脱水污泥常见的处置方式是焚烧、燃烧发电、堆肥后土地化利用和填埋等.无论采用哪种无害化、资源化处置方法,输送环节都是必不可少的.城市污泥管道输送技术是以管道输送设备为核心,融合城市污泥的预处理和处置工艺的集成化系统.通过对城市污泥的流变特性和输送特性实验测试,其流变方程符合幂定律关系式;通过环管实验拟合出了污泥在管道中的阻力损失与输送距离和输送流量之间的关系,经验证,其理论计算和实际测定基本相符,证明管道输送方式能够成功地应用于城市污泥的远距离输送,为城市污泥管道输送系统的优化设计提供了理论依据.     

自然灾害的社会学分析

自然灾害是自然与社会相互作用的产物,它具有自然和社会的双重属性。从社会属性上看,灾害是一个社会性事件,是人的生存能力所不能承受的自然或社会变故,是一种建立在自然现象基础之上的社会历史现象。按社会学的功能主义视角看,自然灾害的出现可以是社会系统内部功能紊乱失衡的结果,也可以是一种外部力量破坏原有社会结构的结果。按社会学的冲突论视角看,灾害是社会各阶层为争夺利益的冲突外延。灾害的结果、过程、成因以及与社会的关系都显现出明显的社会学特征。因此,运用社会学的理论和方法应该是我们认识自然灾害的本质属性,搞好防灾减灾工作的一种重要的科学思想和方法。