基于GIS的天津市饮用水水质健康风险评价

为评价天津市饮用水水质对人体健康的潜在危害,探索地理信息系统(GIS)在饮用水安全保障方面的应用,本研究采用美国环境保护署(US EPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型对天津市401个饮用水监测点的850份水样的水质检测结果进行健康风险评价,同时结合GIS进行信息可视化展示和风险因子探索.结果表明,天津市饮用水水质致癌物健康风险、非致癌物健康风险和总健康风险分别为3.83×10~(~(-5))、5.62×10-9和3.83×10~(-5).按健康风险排序:致癌物非致癌物,致癌物的健康风险为市区新区郊区,铬(六价)镉砷三氯甲烷四氯化碳,非致癌物的健康风险为郊区新区市区,氟化物氰化物铅硝酸盐.天津市饮用水个人年健康总风险小于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受风险水平(5.0×10~(-5)),但处于在US EPA推荐的可接受风险限值(1.0×10~(-4)~1.0×10~(-6))之间,初步认为该市饮用水健康风险处于可接受水平,不会对人体产生明显的健康危害.主要健康风险来源于致癌物.致癌物应优先控制铬(六价),非致癌物应优先控制氟化物.GIS能较好地应用于饮用水健康风险评价信息的可视化和进一步的风险因子探索.     

我国东南沿海海上风电塔架防护涂装体系设计与评价思考

针对我国东南沿海湿热、亚湿热地区海上风电塔架服役环境的特殊性,对开展针对性的涂装防护体系设计和实验室性能评价方法提出了一些改进设想。设计防护体系时,应充分考虑风电塔架各腐蚀区域的主要环境影响因素,选择合适的涂料体系并适当增加涂层厚度;采用单因素环境试验对涂层的性能进行实验室评估时,应适当增加每一种试验项目的时间,并结合服役环境增加测试项目。     

烟囱用耐候钢在海水脱硫中的腐蚀研究及寿命预测

通过电化学技术、现场暴露试验研究了海水脱硫对电厂烟囱钢内衬Corten4N的腐蚀行为影响,并利用灰色模型GM（1,1）对烟囱内衬在实施海水脱硫工艺后的使用寿命进行了预测。研究结果表明,实施海水脱硫工艺后会加速烟囱内衬Corten钢的腐蚀且在烟囱140112高度附近腐蚀速率最大;Corten钢在腐蚀初期腐蚀速率逐渐增大,约1a后进入稳定腐蚀状态;Corten钢焊缝区相对于基体是阴极,处于被保护状态;Corten钢在海水脱硫烟气中最大腐蚀速率的灰色预测公式为x（k＋1）=-0.43211e-0.10515k＋0.45811。     

Novel cationic polyamidine: Synthesis, characterization, and sludge dewatering performance

In this study, a new and facile route was employed for synthesis of polyamidine with abundant cations and attractive five-membered ringlike structural unit. N-vinylformamide and acrylonitrile copolymerized firstly to form intermediates, and the intermediates were processed with hydrochloric acid to produce polyamidine. A series of polymerization conditions (e.g. polymerization time, temperature and dosage of initiator) were optimized through productivity, viscosity and cationic degree as evaluation. SEM analysis illustrated that the amidinization process could reduce the size of spaces between molecular and created compact structure, which would contribute to good flocculation performance and high viscosity. FT-IR, XPS and NMR spectra presented a rather clear structure of polyamidine. 34.3% of sludge was sedimentated through the flocculation of polyamidine in the early stages. In contrast, only 6.8% of sludge was sedimentated by polyacrylamide. The moisture content in dehydrated floc could be reduced to 77.7% when 60 mg/L polyamidine was added. These results demonstrated that the polyamidine showed a great potential in the practical application of sludge dewatering.     

Drinking water treatment using a submerged internal-circulation membrane coagulation reactor coupled with permanganate oxidation

A submerged internal circulating membrane coagulation reactor(MCR) was used to treat surface water to produce drinking water. Polyaluminum chloride(PACl) was used as coagulant,and a hydrophilic polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF) submerged hollow fiber microfiltration membrane was employed. The influences of trans-membrane pressure(TMP), zeta potential(ZP) of the suspended particles in raw water, and KMnO_4 dosing on water flux and the removal of turbidity and organic matter were systematically investigated. Continuous bench-scale experiments showed that the permeate quality of the MCR satisfied the requirement for a centralized water supply, according to the Standards for Drinking Water Quality of China(GB 5749-2006), as evaluated by turbidity(1 NTU) and total organic carbon(TOC)(5 mg/L)measurements. Besides water flux, the removal of turbidity, TOC and dissolved organic carbon(DOC) in the raw water also increased with increasing TMP in the range of 0.01–0.05 MPa. High ZP induced by PACl, such as 5–9 mV, led to an increase in the number of fine and total particles in the MCR, and consequently caused serious membrane fouling and high permeate turbidity.However, the removal of TOC and DOC increased with increasing ZP. A slightly positive ZP, such as 1–2 mV, corresponding to charge neutralization coagulation, was favorable for membrane fouling control. Moreover, dosing with KMnO_4 could further improve the removal of turbidity and DOC, thereby mitigating membrane fouling. The results are helpful for the application of the MCR in producing drinking water and also beneficial to the research and application of other coagulation and membrane separation hybrid processes.     

Pollution characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in common used mineral oils and their transformation during oil regeneration

The pollution characteristic of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in common used mineral oils, semi-refined oils, refined oils and solid wastes produced during the used mineral oil regeneration process was analyzed. The results showed that total PAHs content in six common used mineral oils was as follows: used engine oil used quenching oil used casting oil used hydraulic oil used antirust oil used industrial lubricating oil. Furthermore, this order was dependent on the source of PAHs and oil working temperatures. Additionally, total PAHs content in regenerated oils was as follows: semi-refined oil refined oil crude oil, which was related to the catalytic cracking process of crude oil and adsorption refining process of semi-refined oil. The ranking of total PAHs content in regenerated wastes varied depending on the regeneration technology used as follows: waste adsorption sand acid sludge waste clay precipitation sludge cracked residue. In all types of used mineral oils and regenerated wastes, the maximum and minimum proportions of the total PAHs content were composed of 2–3 ring-PAHs and 5–6 ring-PAHs, respectively. The majority of PAHs in the used mineral oils entered into regenerated wastes during regeneration process, while a small number remained in the regenerated oil.     

悬浮颗粒物浓度对溢油沉潜过程影响的试验研究

溢油事故发生后,漂浮油会与水中的悬浮颗粒物发生相互作用形成油-悬浮颗粒物聚合体（oil-suspended particulate matter aggregates,OSAs）,进而分散在水中或沉降到水底。实验室通过批量振荡实验,利用紫外分光光度法,研究了天然沙土对阿曼原油沉潜过程的影响。结果表明,当振荡频率一定时,沙土能够显著促进阿曼原油在水中的沉潜,其中大部分以半潜油的形式悬浮在水中,少部分与沙土相互作用形成了油-悬浮颗粒物聚合体。随着振荡时间的增加,阿曼原油的沉潜率迅速增大,达到最大值后趋于稳定。当沙土的浓度在100~400 mg/L范围内增加时,阿曼原油的最大沉潜率和沉潜速率提高,沉潜过程达到平衡所需要的时间缩短。     

金属掺杂锐钛矿型TiO_2光催化氧化水中As(Ⅲ)的试验研究

对不同掺杂比例的3d过渡金属和稀土掺杂的TiO_2对水中三价砷离子[As(Ⅲ)]的光催化氧化效果进行试验。结果表明:Yb~(3+)以0.8%的掺杂比例掺杂锐钛矿[Yb_(0.8%)/TiO_2]的光催化氧化能力最强,且Zn_(0.1%)/TiO_2、La_(0.3%)/TiO_2、Tb_(0.5%)/TiO_2和Dy_(0.1%)/TiO_2的光催化氧化能力都比纯TiO_2强;pH值对Yb_(0.8%)/TiO_2的光催化氧化反应的影响不明显;Yb_(0.8%)/TiO_2的光催化氧化反应表现为假零级反应动力学。正交试验表明:[光]、[Yb_(0.8%)/TiO_2]、[Yb_(0.8%)/TiO_2]×[光]和[As(Ⅲ)]对试验效果的影响显著,是光催化氧化反应的主要影响因素。     

艾比湖流域地表水水质指标与水体指数关系研究

传统的水域水质监测手段不仅成本高,而且空间信息有限,难以对相关水域进行全面的监测与评价.利用遥感技术进行水域水质监测可克服这些局限.本文以新疆艾比湖流域为研究对象,结合2015年5月实测水质数据和从准同步Landsat OLI数据上提取的水体指数值,利用空间分析和多元统计方法进行分析.结果发现,水体指数EWI、AWEIsh、Vegetation index(VI)、NDWI、NWI、NEW与水质指标之间的相关性显著(0.55≤r≤0.88).因此,选用以上6种水体指数与水质指标进行回归分析并建立数学关系估算模型,发现模型均方根误差均较低.利用同期实测数据对估算模型进行精度验证,发现验证判定系数高,验证点的相对平均误差偏低,均方根误差偏小.与此同时,利用2015年10月的40个采样点对模型进行二次验证,发现验证的判定系数满足0.22R20.81,模型的均方根误差较低.在估算模型中,总磷(TP)、五日生化需氧量(BOD5)、悬浮物(SS)、pH、色度和浊度两期数据的验证判定系数R2在0.5以上,均方根误差较小.因此,利用艾比湖流域水体指数建立的TP、BOD5、SS、pH、色度和浊度估算模型具有较好的普适性.该研究不仅可以为干旱区湖泊的遥感识别奠定基础,而且可为遥感技术应用于地表水水质指标值的提取提供一定的科学依据.