西安地区土壤CO2 释放量和释放规律

根据碱溶液吸收法,对西安地区不同植被条件下土壤CO2释放量进行了昼夜观测,观测资料显示,西安地区各月份土壤CO2释放量在一昼夜内具有明显的变化,从当日上午到次日上午,CO2释放量表现出由低变高再变低的规律,土壤CO2释放量变化与温度变化具有相同的特征,但释放量的变化具有滞后性,相对于温度的变化滞后4－6h左右,温度是决定土壤CO2释放量昼夜变化规律的主要因素,它的升高和降低分别造成了土壤CO2和放量的增加和减少,不同植被条件下,土壤CO2释放量不同,林地释放量大于草地,草地释放量大于裸地,夜间12h释放量大于白天12h释放量。     

Method development for determination of fluroxypyr in water

Improved methods for extraction and clean up of fluroxypyr residue in water have been established. Two methods of fluroxypyr extraction were used, namely, Direct Measurement of fluroxypyr and Concentration of fluroxypyr onto A Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) Adsorbent, followed by elution with solvent before determination of fluroxypyr. The recovery for Direct Measurement of fluroxypyr in water containing 8-100 microg L(-1), ranged from 86 to 110% with relative standard deviation of 0.7 to 2.15%. For the second method, three types of SPE were used, viz. C18, C18 end-capped and polyvinyl dibenzene (ISOLUTE ENV+). The procedure involved concentrating the analyte from fluroxypyr-spiked water at pH 3, followed by elution of the analyte with 4 mL of acentonitrile. The recovery of fluroxypyr from the spiked sample at 1 to 50 microg L(-1) after eluting through either C18 or C18 end-capped ranged from 40-64% (with relative standard deviation of 0.7 to 2.15) and 41-65% (with standard deviation of 1.52 to 11.9). The use of ISOLUTE ENV+, gave better results than the C18, C18 end-capped or the Direct Measurement Methods. The recovery and standard deviation of fluroxypyr from spiked water using ISOLUTE ENV+ ranged from 91-102% and 2.5 to 5.3, respectively.     

A review of effects and control methods of particulate matter in animal indoor environments

This paper reviews the effects and control methods for particulate matter (PM) in animal indoor environments. PM in animal indoor environments represents a particular threat to the health of countless animals and millions of workers around the world. Because air in animal facilities has a higher portion of biological content than does air in other environments, the adverse health impact is much greater than it is for the same amount of PM in other environments. Source control, ventilation, and internal air cleaning can reduce PM concentration in animal indoor environments. Source control is typically the most economical method for PM control. Ventilation is the most widely applied technology, although uncertainties remain as to its effectiveness for PM control. Most internal air cleaners require frequent maintenance because of the high concentration and stickiness of PM in animal environments. Filtration is the most well-studied and widely used technology for internal air cleaning because of its low capital cost and high efficiency. Several trials using electrostatic precipitators have shown efficiencies of approximately 50% in removing PM concentration, but improvements are needed before they can be used widely. No report using wet collectors or centrifugals as internal air cleaners has been found.     

Progress in developing an ANN model for air pollution index forecast

An air pollution index (API) reporting system is introduced to selected cities of China for public communication on air quality data. Shanghai is the first city in China providing daily average API reports and forecasts. This paper describes the development of an artificial neural network (ANN) model for the API forecasting in Shanghai. It is a multiple layer perceptron (MLP) network, with meteorological forecasting data as the main input, to output the next day average API values. However, the initial version of the MLP model did not work well. To improve the model, a series of tests were conducted with respect to the training method and structure optimization. Based on the test results, the training algorithm was modified and a new model was built. The new model is now being used in Shanghai for API forecasting. Its performance is shown reasonably well in comparison with observation. The application of the old model was only weakly correlated with observation. In 1-year application, the correlation coefficients were 0.2314, 0.1022 and 0.1710 for TSP, SO₂ and NO_x, respectively. But for the new model, for over 8 months application, the correlation coefficients are raised to 0.6056, 0.6993 and 0.6300 for PM₁₀, SO₂, and NO₂. Further, the new algorithm does not rely on manpower intervention so that it is now being applied in several other Chinese cities with quite different meteorological conditions. The structure of the model and the application results are presented in this paper and also the problems to be further studied.     

低温降解六六六优势菌种的选育研究

通过实验,筛选出低温条件(≤10℃)下降解六六六的优势菌株--1号菌株,同时利用正交实验测得该菌株的最佳降解条件为:pH=5.5、接菌量2 g/L、NH4Cl 0.8 g/L、KH2PO4 0.6 g/L、MgSO4 0.2 g/L.在此条件下,经30 d驯化后的菌株对六六六的降解率由原来的54.71%提高到62.58%     

PCR-DGGE技术在水解酸化-缺氧法处理采油废水的微生物研究中的应用

采用PCR-DGGE技术直接从水解酸化和缺氧反应器中的污泥样品提取DNA,测定部分菌种的16S rDNA V3区片段序列,通过NCBI基因库比对,初步确定不同生物反应器内优势菌种,并进行了多样性指数分析.结果表明,水解酸化反应器中的生物膜与缺氧反应器中悬浮污泥微生物种群结构存在较大的差异,显示了在不同环境条件下,微生物群落结构的连续动态变化过程.     

二氧化氯销毁氰化物的应用研究

在弱碱性条件下,二氧化氯消毒剂将氰化物氧化成无毒的氰酸盐(OCN-)、二氧化碳和氮气.研究了影响二氧化氯销毁氰化物的几种因素:pH在8～11的范围内,不影响二氧化氯对氰化物的销毁率;在所试验的反应温度(0～40℃)内,温度对反应速率表现出有限的影响;二氧化氯与氰离子的最佳质量比为2:1;当氰离子最高使用浓度小于0.5 g/L时,废水中氰离子浓度达一级以上的排放标准.     

"老龄期"填埋场渗滤液COD蒸发规律研究

"老龄期"填埋场渗滤液由于可生化性差而难于处理.采用常规蒸发、减压蒸发和载气蒸发处理不同pH值的"老龄期"渗滤液.实验结果表明,3种蒸发方式下,冷凝液COD下降过程中均存在明显的浓度转折点,转折点之后COD维持较低水平,为"老龄期"渗滤液的"三分处理法"提供理论依据.与常规蒸发相比,减压蒸发和载气蒸发的前期冷凝液COD较高,且浓度转折点偏后.     

人工湿地防治湖泊富营养化污染探讨

针对湖泊富营养化问题,结合抚仙湖当前污染状况,以马料河人工湿地为例,探讨利用人工湿地控制水体水质下降、脱氮除磷机理及其去除效率.结果显示：马料河人工湿地对TN、TP、SS的去除效率分别为：44.21%、46.03%、86.6%;其中TN的去除效率与进水流速具有一定的相关性;TP的去除效率相对稳定,去除机制主要与湿地基质有关.     

秸秆成型燃料锅炉污染物排放规律试验研究

根据锅炉烟尘测试方法(GB 5468-91)及锅炉大气污染物排放标准(GB 13271-2001),在不同风门的工况下,分别对设计的双层炉排秸秆成型燃料锅炉污染物排放规律进行试验.试验表明,在较好工况下,双层炉排锅炉排烟中CO等中间产物及烟尘含量低于单层炉排锅炉,其排烟中CO、NOx、SO2和烟尘浓度等指标远远低于燃煤锅炉,符合国家关于工业锅炉大气污染物排放标准要求,有较好环保效益.