北京地区典型二噁英(PCDDs)及多氯联苯(PCBs)的长距离传输潜力——基于TaPL3模型的应用研究

以典型二噁英(PCDDs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)为研究对象,利用TaPL3模型模拟计算了稳态假设下北京地区4种PCDDs和7种PCBs通过大气和水体的长距离迁移潜力(LRTP)和总持久性(Pov),比较了不同氯取代数的特征迁移距离(CTD)和Pov的大小,分析讨论了二者之间的关系,并以PCB180为例对关键参数进行了灵敏度分析.结果表明,4种PCDDs和7种PCBs在北京地区通过大气的CTDair范围分别为714—874 km和1771—8517 km,Povair范围分别为1422—5169 d和1210—35687 d;通过水体的CTDwater范围分别为1232—1385km和643—4222 km,Povwater范围分别为4900—5618 d和1831—35922 d.对于PCDDs,CTD和Pov基本上随着氯取代数目的增加而增大;对于PCBs,Pov的变化规律与PCDDs类似,而通过大气和通过水体的CTD的变化规律不同.CTD和Pov没有表现出直接的关系.与国内外同类研究相比,北京地区的结果和国外接近,但高于兰州地区通过大气的CTDair,低于通过水体的CTDwater.     

Cadmium distribution in rice plants grown in three different soils after application of pig manure with added cadmium

A glasshouse pot experiment was conducted to investigate Cd concentrations in the aboveground parts of two consecutive crops of rice and Cd availability in three different soils (loam, silt loam, and sandy loam) after application of pig manure with added Cd. Soil pH tended to increase with increasing application rate of pig manure from 1 to 3% (w/w, oven dry basis). Soil diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) extractable Cd showed a clear positive correlation with soil total Cd content and increased with increasing Cd amendment of the manure but showed no difference between the two manure application rates. Cd concentrations in the grain, husk, and straw were significantly and positively correlated with soil DTPA-extractable Cd (p < 0.001). Within each level of manure Cd, the higher rate (3%) of manure produced lower Cd concentrations in the grain, husk, and straw on all three soils than did the lower rate (1%) after the first crop, but this no longer occurred after the growth of the second crop. Grain Cd concentrations exceeded the Chinese National Food Quality Standard (0.2 mg kg(-1)) most often on the loam, with intermediate frequency on the silt loam, and least often on the sandy loam, the soil with the highest pH and lowest organic carbon content and cation exchange capacity.     

响应面法优化菌株Bacillus sp.W77酯酶发酵条件

为开发适应性好的工业用酶,从深圳福田红树林自然保护区土壤中分离纯化获得一株产耐高温嗜碱性酯酶的菌株,通过形态学和分子生物学初步鉴定该菌株为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.),命名为Bacillus sp.W77;对所产的粗酶液进行酶活测定,发现该菌产的酯酶的最适反应温度是50℃,最适pH为8.0,且在碱性条件下较稳定;采用响应面法(Response surface methodology)对土壤菌株Bacillus sp.W77的产酯酶条件进行了优化,酵母提取物6.67 g/L,磷酸氢二钾0.56 g/L,硫酸镁0.36 g/L时,此时预测的最大酯酶活力的D405 nm值为1.266,在最佳产酶条件下,优化后酯酶活力的D405 nm值由0.829提高到1.235,实际值达到理论预测值的97.5%.     

Species phylogenetic relatedness, priority effects, and ecosystem functioning

Species immigration history can structure ecological communities through priority effects, which are often mediated by competition. As competition tends to be stronger between species with more similar niches, we hypothesize that species phylogenetic relatedness, under niche conservatism, may be a reasonable surrogate of niche similarity between species, and thus influence the strength of priority effects. We tested this hypothesis using a laboratory microcosm experiment in which we established bacterial species pools with different levels of phylogenetic relatedness and manipulated the immigration history of species from each pool into microcosms. Our results showed that strong priority effects, and hence multiple community states, only emerged for the species pool with the greatest phylogenetic relatedness. Community assembly also resulted in a significant positive relationship between bacterial phylogenetic diversity and ecosystem functions. Interestingly, these results emerged despite a lack of phylogenetic conservatism for most of the bacterial functional traits considered. Our results highlight the utility of phylogenetic information for understanding the structure and functioning of ecological communities, even when phylogenetically conserved functional traits are not identified or measured.     

光周期对油桃芽休眠诱导及呼吸代谢的影响

以‘曙光’(Prunus persica var.nectariana cv.Shuguang)油桃为试材,研究光周期对油桃芽休眠诱导进程以及对芽内底物水平的呼吸代谢运行的影响.结果表明:短日照使油桃芽提前进入休眠诱导,并促进休眠迅速加深,而长日照使休眠延迟.整个休眠诱导期内,叶芽和花芽的总呼吸速率先升高后降低.在底物水平上,随着休眠诱导的进行,三羧酸循环(TCA)略有下降,但仍维持高位运行,磷酸戊糖途径(PPP)在总呼吸中比例持续上升.短日照诱导相关的呼吸代谢变化提前出现,而长日照对相关呼吸代谢的变化具有推迟作用.     

Effects of a diesel oxidation catalyst on gaseous pollutants and fine particles from an engine operating on diesel and biodiesel

The effects of a diesel oxidation catalytic (DOC) converter on diesel engine emissions were investigated on a diesel bench at various loads for two steady-state speeds using diesel fuel and B20. The DOC was very effective in hydrocarbon (HC) and CO oxidation. Approximately 90%–95% reduction in CO and 36%–70% reduction in HC were realized using the DOC. Special attention was focused on the effects of the DOC on elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) fractions in fine particles (PM_2.5) emitted from the diesel engine. The carbonaceous compositions of PM_2.5 were analyzed by the method of thermal/optical reflectance (TOR). The results showed that total carbon (TC), OC and EC emissions for PM_2.5 from diesel fuel were generally reduced by the DOC. For diesel fuel, TC emissions decreased 22%–32% after the DOC depending on operating modes. The decrease in TC was attributed to 35%–97% decrease in OC and 3%–65% decrease in EC emissions. At low load, a significant increase in the OC/EC ratio of PM_2.5 was observed after the DOC. The effect of the DOC on the carbonaceous compositions in PM_2.5 from B20 showed different trends compared to diesel fuel. At low load, a slight increase in EC emissions and a significant decrease in OC/EC ratio of PM_2.5 after DOC were observed for B20.     

重金属离子胁迫对赤潮微藻的急性毒性

重金属污染和赤潮都是较为突出的海洋环境问题,为给相关研究提供基础试验数据,在实验室条件下研究了Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+对米氏凯伦藻和微小原甲藻的急性毒性效应. 通过2种藻的EC₅₀(半数抑制浓度)比较了其敏感性差异,分析了不同浓度重金属胁迫对微藻的影响;同时,利用TEM (transmission electronic microscopy,透射电镜技术)和FCM (flow cytometry,流式细胞术)研究了重金属Cu2+的急性毒性胁迫在亚细胞水平上对米氏凯伦藻的损伤. 其中,Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+对微小原甲藻的48 h EC₅₀和96 h EC₅₀分别为0.514和0.276 mg/L、0.835和1.215 mg/L及4.376和7.976 mg/L;对米氏凯伦藻的48 h EC₅₀和96 h EC₅₀分别为1.881和1.881 mg/L、5.405和6.268 mg/L及13.134 和18.732 mg/L. 结果表明:2种微藻的种群相对增长率随着胁迫浓度的增加而下降,3种重金属离子的毒性表现出Cu2+>Cd2+>Zn2+的趋势,微小原甲藻对重金属胁迫更敏感;Cu2+胁迫可使米氏凯伦藻细胞体积增大,内容物复杂程度增高,但叶绿素a的MFI(mean fluorescence intensity,平均荧光强度)的变化不明显;Cu2+胁迫对藻膜结构的损伤较明显,但对线粒体及叶绿体的结构影响不明显.      

臭氧-活性炭技术处理炼化企业RO浓水

采用臭氧-活性炭技术对炼化企业RO浓水进行实验研究。通过研究该废水在不同pH、臭氧投加量、臭氧接触时间、投加催化剂、活性碳吸附时间和活性碳投加量条件下RO浓水中COD的去除效果,确定臭氧-活性炭工艺处理炼化企业RO浓水的工艺参数。结果表明:在pH为8,臭氧投加量为75 mg/L,臭氧接触时间为5 min,催化剂KMnO4的投加量为35 mg,活性炭吸附时间为150 min,活性炭投加量为4 g/L时,臭氧-活性炭技术对RO浓水中COD处理效果达到最佳,总去除率为58%。     

基于改进成功流法的消防系统可靠性研究

在多信号输入系统的可靠性研究中,传统GO法存在计算复杂、易出现误差和遗漏的缺点。将卡诺图化简法引入传统GO运算,利用其“合并同项,简化运算”的特点构建研究多信号输入系统可靠性的新GO模型。将其应用于预作用喷水灭火系统,对具有多启动方式的给水泵进行可靠性分析,并与事件树运算结果比较,证明新GO模型适用于具有多信号输入系统的可靠性研究。研究表明,通过采取措施降低多信号元器件故障概率可以提高系统整体可靠性。     

百草枯急性暴露对肝细胞L-O2的毒理研究

百草枯(paraquat,PQ)是目前农业生产上使用较为广泛的除草剂,PQ毒性极大,能造成人和动物多器官损伤。因肝脏是主要的受损器官之一,故以肝细胞L-O2为研究对象,探讨PQ急性暴露对肝细胞产生的毒理影响。结果显示在40!640μmol·L~(-1)暴露浓度下作用24 h,PQ显著抑制肝细胞L-O2的增殖活性(P0.01),半抑制浓度(IC50)为263.2μmol·L~(-1)。将肝细胞L-O2暴露于不同浓度的PQ(60、120、180和250μmol·L~(-1)),作用24 h后,与对照组相比,PQ暴露组的活性氧(ROS)累积和细胞凋亡率都表现出明显的浓度依赖性升高(P0.01; P0.05),细胞周期阻滞在S期。Western blot结果显示,除60μmol·L~(-1)外的其他暴露组中活化的胱天蛋白酶9(caspase-9)表达显著上调,Bax和Bcl-2的比值显著增大,提示细胞凋亡机制可能与内源性线粒体通路的激活有关。此外,碳酸酐酶9(CA9) mRNA表达显著升高,提示PQ暴露下可能引起酸性代谢产物出现,对细胞产生酸毒害,但其内在的机制还需进一步研究。