响应曲面法优化电化学氧化技术处理染料废水

采用IR和XRD等手段对自制磷钼酸铁(FePMo12)杂多酸进行表征,表明杂多阴离子具有Keggin结构。将FePMo12负载于修饰后的分子筛上制备FePMo12/APTES-4A催化剂填充于电化学反应器中,考察电化学氧化体系对酸性大红3R染料废水的脱色效果,其脱色率高于二维电化学反应器。利用Box-Behnken中心组合实验设计及响应面(RSM)分析,以pH值,板间距,槽电压,曝气量为实验因素,建立了以酸性大红3R的脱色率为响应值的二次多项式回归模型。研究表明,当电解时间为60 min时,曝气量0.05 m3/h、pH为2、板间距3.0 cm、槽电压11.0 V,在此条件下色度去除率可达69.4%,模型预测值与实验值能很好地吻合。方差分析结果表明,槽电压和pH、pH和曝气量的交互作用对响应值具有显著性影响。     

桂林会仙湿地沉积物中磷形态及分布特征

沉积物中磷的含量及其形态是影响水体营养化进程的重要因素,对研究湿地水体富营养化具有重要意义。应用蒋柏藩等石灰性土壤无机磷提取方法,调查了桂林会仙岩溶湿地5个典型区域柱状沉积物中的磷形态分布、垂向上的变化特征,分析了各形态磷之前的相关性。结果表明,桂林会仙湿地柱状沉积物中w(TP)为161.14~555.48 mg/kg,活性较高的Ca2-P(5.27~51.45 mg/kg)、Ca8-P(7.76~37.57 mg/kg)均较低。沉积物中的磷以Ca-P(42.92%)为主,Ca-P中的Ca10-P所占比例较高(>70.3%),导致内源磷不易释放,有利于减缓桂林会仙湿地水体富营养化进程。在空间分布上,Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P与TP分布趋势相似,从沉积物表层至底层逐渐降低并趋于稳定。Pearson相关系数表明,TP与总氮(TN)、有机质(OM)、Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P极显著相关,与Ca10-P显著相关。     

Analysis of reduction stage of chemical looping packed bed reactor based on the reaction front distribution

Traditional combustion of syngas derived from biomass has incurred numerous environmental problems, and syngas chemical looping combustion is environmentally friendly for syngas energy conversion. As a key part of chemical looping combustion, reactor configuration is noticeable. The dynamically operated packed bed reactor is an emerging conception applied to chemical looping combustion. Our attention is paid to the conversion of the oxygen carrier in the packed bed as the limited maximum conversion of the oxygen carrier in a packed bed is unclear. In this paper, the reaction front distribution during iron oxide reduced by CO is firstly proposed on the basis of chemical equilibrium and then validated by the effluent gas profile. Based on the reaction front distribution, the detail of the reduction stage in iron-based chemical looping combustion is analyzed to obtain the characteristics of reaction fronts. The reaction rates of reduction from Fe₂O₃ to Fe₃O₄, Fe₃O₄ to Fe_0.947O and Fe_0.947O to Fe are 5.280, 3.329 and 4.379 mol m^?3 s^?1, respectively. And the velocities of reaction front I, II, III are 0.605, 0.326, 0.044 cm min^?1, respectively, which demonstrate the reaction front distribution. The methodology established in this paper can be used to study multiple reaction front system in the packed bed reactor.     

Variation of Microcystis and microcystins coupling nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in Lake Erhai,a drinking-water source in Southwest Plateau,China

Lake Erhai is the second largest lake of Southwest China and an important drinking water source. The lake is currently defined as the preliminary stage of eutrophic states, but facing a serious threat with transfer into intensive eutrophication. The present study examined the dynamics of Microcystis blooms and toxic Microcystis in Lake Erhai during 2010, based on quantitative real-time PCR method using 16S rRNA gene specific for Microcystis and microcystin systhesis gene (mcy), and chemical analysis on microcystin (MC) concentrations. Total Microcystis cell abundance at 16 sampling sites were shown as an average of 1.7?×?10⁷ cells l^?1 (1.3?×?10²–3.8?×?10⁹ cells l^?1). Microcystin LR (MC-LR) and microcystin RR (MC-RR) were the main variants. The strong southwesterly winds, anticlockwise circular flows and geographical characteristics of lake and phytoplankton community succession impacted the distribution patterns of Chl a and MC in the lake. The concentration of Chl a and MC and abundances of total Microsytis and MC-producing Microsystis (MCM) were shown to be positively correlated with pH, DO and TP, negatively correlated with SD, NO₃-N, TN/Chl a and TN/TP, and not correlated with NH₄-N, TN, dissolved total nitrogen (DTN) and water temperatures. When TN/TP decrease, Microcystis tended to dominate and MC concentrations tended to increase, suggesting that the “TN/TP rule” can be partially applied to explain the correlation between the cyanobacterial blooms and nutrients N and P only within a certain nutrient level. It is speculated that N and P nutrients and the associated genes (e.g., mcy) may jointly drive MC concentration and toxigenicity of Microcystis in Lake Erhai.     

Levels,profile and distribution of Dechloran Plus (DP) and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in the environment of Pakistan

No scientific data is available on emerging contaminants including Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) and Dechloran Plus (DP) levels in the environment in Pakistan. Levels of PBDEs and DP were determined in the soil, sediment and atmospheric samples along the stretch of River Ravi in Punjab Province. Average concentrations of ΣPBDEs in atmosphere, soils and sediments were 36 pg m⁻³, 40 ng g⁻¹ and 640 ng g⁻¹. BDE-209 was the most abundant PBDE congener, showing that deca-BDE accounts for most of the total PBDE emitted in the environment of Pakistan. Total DP levels were calculated as 88 pg m⁻³, 0.8 ng g⁻¹ and 1.9 ng g⁻¹ in air, soil and sediment samples, respectively. The lower average fractions of anti-DP showed significant differences to those of the technical mixtures, indicating the lack of DP production source in Pakistan.     

The effects of antibiotic cocktails at environmentally relevant concentrations on the community composition and acetate biodegradation kinetics of bacterial biofilms

Antibiotics and antibacterials are present in water bodies worldwide but little is known about their effects on the biological processes often used to treat water. In this research, the effect of antibiotics on bacterial activity and community structure was investigated by growing biofilms in the presence and absence of a mixture of three compounds (sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin, and ciprofloxacin) in a continuous-flow rotating annular bioreactor fed acetate as a carbon and energy source. Steady-state, surface area-normalized substrate utilization rates for all antibiotic treatments (all at 0.33 μg L^?1, all at 3.33 μg L^?1, and 1 at 3.33 μg L^?1 with the other 2 at 0.33 μg L^?1) were similar to the control experiments. Higher attached biomass levels in the experiments with ciprofloxacin at 3.33 μg L^?1 resulted in lower steady-state biomass-normalized substrate utilization rates in comparison to other runs. Microbial community analyses via automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis revealed significant shifts in community structure for the experiments dosed with the highest concentrations of ciprofloxacin, suggesting that the antibiotic selected for more resistant bacterial strains. The results of this research also suggest that mixtures of antibiotics at the sub-μg L^?1 concentrations typically observed in surface waters are unlikely to affect biological process performance, at least in terms of the degradation of easily assimilable compounds. Conversely, changes to community structure and biofilm quantity might be expected with ciprofloxacin at μg L^?1 concentrations.     

Different hydrodynamic processes regulated on water quality (nutrients,dissolved oxygen,and phytoplankton biomass) in three contrasting waters of Hong Kong

The subtropical Hong Kong (HK) waters are located at the eastern side of the Pearl River Estuary. Monthly changes of water quality, including nutrients, dissolved oxygen (DO), and phytoplankton biomass (Chl-a) were routinely investigated in 2003 by the Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department in three contrasting waters of HK with different prevailing hydrodynamic processes. The western, eastern, and southern waters were mainly dominated by nutrient-replete Pearl River discharge, the nutrient-poor coastal/shelf oceanic waters, and mixtures of estuarine and coastal seawater and sewage effluent of Hong Kong, respectively. Acting in response, the water quality in these three contrasting areas showed apparently spatial–temporal variation pattern. Nutrients usually decreased along western waters to eastern waters. In the dry season, the water column was strongly mixed by monsoon winds and tidal currents, which resulted in relatively low Chl-a (<5 μg l^?1) and high bottom DO (>4 mg l^?1), suggesting that mixing enhanced the buffering capacity of eutrophication in HK waters. However, in the wet season, surface Chl-a was generally >10 μg l^?1 in southern waters in summer due to halocline and thermohaline stratification, adequate nutrients, and light availability. Although summer hypoxia (DO <2 mg l^?1) was episodically observed near sewage effluent site and in southern waters induced by vertical stratification, the eutrophication impacts in HK waters were not as severe as expected owing to P limitation and short water residence time in the wet season.     

A Superiority-Inferiority-Based Inexact Fuzzy Stochastic Programming Approach for Solid Waste Management Under Uncertainty

A superiority–inferiority-based inexact fuzzy stochastic programming (SI-IFSP) model was developed for planning municipal solid waste management systems under uncertainty. The SI-IFSP approach represents a new attempt to tackle multiple uncertainties in objective function coefficients which are beyond the capabilities of existing inexact programming methods. Through introducing the concept of fuzzy random boundary interval, SI-IFSP is capable of reflecting multiple uncertainties (i.e., interval values, fuzzy sets, probability distributions, and their combinations) in both the objective function and constraints, leading to enhanced system robustness. The developed SI-IFSP method was applied to a case study of long-term municipal solid waste management. Useful solutions were generated. A number of decision alternatives could be generated based on projected applicable conditions, reflecting the compromise between system optimality and reliability as well as the tradeoffs between economic and environmental objectives. Moreover, the consequences of system violations could be quantified through introducing a set of economic penalties, reflecting the relationships between system costs and constraint violation risks. The results suggest that the proposed SI-IFSP method can explicitly address complexities in municipal solid waste management systems and is applicable to practical waste management problems.     

Characterization of lead-resistant river isolate Enterococcus faecalis and assessment of its multiple metal and antibiotic resistance

Contamination of surface waters has a direct impact on the public health of entire communities. Microorganisms inhabiting contaminated surface waters have developed mechanisms of coping with a variety of toxic metals and drugs. Investigations were carried out to isolate and identify lead-resistant bacteria from the river K?z?l?rmak along the city of K?r?kkale, Turkey. Of the 33 lead-resistant isolates, one isolate with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 1,200 mg?L^?1 was isolated and identified as Enterococcus faecalis by using biochemical tests and 16S rRNA sequencing. Lead-resistant E. faecalis isolate was found out to be resistant to other heavy metals like aluminum, lithium, barium, chromium, iron, silver, tin, nickel, zinc, and strontium and to drugs like amikacin, aztreonam, and gentamicin. E. faecalis harbored four plasmids with the molecular sizes of 1.58, 3.06, 22.76, and 28.95 kb. Plasmid profile analyses of cured derivatives revealed that the lead resistance ability of E. faecalis was still existing despite the elimination of all the plasmids. Moreover, the antibiotic resistance pattern of the cured derivatives did not demonstrate any change from the parental strain. Our findings indicated that the lead resistance genes of E. faecalis were located on the chromosomal DNA rather than the plasmid.     

Seasonal variability of chlorophyll-a and oceanographic conditions in Sabah waters in relation to Asian monsoon—a remote sensing study

A study was conducted to investigate the influence of Asian monsoon on chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) content in Sabah waters and to identify the related oceanographic conditions that caused phytoplankton blooms at the eastern and western coasts of Sabah, Malaysia. A series of remote sensing measurements including surface Chl-a, sea surface temperature, sea surface height anomaly, wind speed, wind stress curl, and Ekman pumping were analyzed to study the oceanographic conditions that lead to large-scale nutrients enrichment in the surface layer. The results showed that the Chl-a content increased at the northwest coast from December to April due to strong northeasterly wind and coastal upwelling in Kota Kinabalu water. The southwest coast (Labuan water) maintained high concentrations throughout the year due to the effect of Padas River discharge during the rainy season and the changing direction of Baram River plume during the northeast monsoon (NEM). However, with the continuous supply of nutrients from the upwelling area, the high Chl-a batches were maintained at the offshore water off Labuan for a longer time during NEM. On the other side, the northeast coast illustrated a high Chl-a in Sandakan water during NEM, whereas the northern tip off Kudat did not show a pronounced change throughout the year. The southeast coast (Tawau water) was highly influenced by the direction of the surface water transport between the Sulu and Sulawesi Seas and the prevailing surface currents. The study demonstrates the presence of seasonal phytoplankton blooms in Sabah waters which will aid in forecasting the possible biological response and could further assist in marine resource managements.