污灌区土壤-棉花系统中铊的分布特征

通过对位于华北平原北部,河北省与天津市接壤处的污灌区土壤-棉花(Gossypium spp.)系统进行实地调查,分样区采集耕作层土壤样品、土壤剖面样品和棉花全植株样品,运用Element2型高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定土壤样品中Tl的质量分数和形态,以及棉花不同组织中T1的质量分数,结果显示:在土壤剖面中,T1质量分数依次为表土层(0～20 cm)>心土层(20～40 cm)>底土层(40-60 cm),表明污水灌溉使T1在表土层有所累积;在表土层中,T1的质量分数在0.257～0.420mg·kg-1之间,与研究区T1背景值(0.330 mg·kg-1)相比,个别样点有明显增高的趋势,T1的形态特征为残余态>有机结合态>碳酸盐结合态>交换态≥水溶态>铁锰结合态,较高的有机结合态表明长期污灌导致表土层中有机质含量增加,使得T1易于在表土层积累;在棉花植株各组织中,T1的质量分数在3.5～78.6 μg·kg-1之间,其分布规律为根系>果壳>茎杆>籽粒>纤维.研究表明,T1主要分布于污灌区土壤-棉花系统中的表土层、棉花根系、茎杆和果壳等生态分室中;棉花植株对T1的平均吸收系数为2.477,其中棉花根系对土壤中T1的平均吸收系数达6.186,因此,棉花对重金属的输出作用减缓了土壤中T1的积累速度,可以有效降低T1对土壤污染的风险.     

The study of Central Taiwan particles concentration variations during earthquake period

Ambient particle concentration was taken on the traffic sampling site over the Chung-Chi Road over the bridge (CCROB) in front of Hungkuang Institute of Technology (HKIT). The sampling time was from August 1999 to December 1999. During the sampling period, Taiwan's biggest earthquake in more than a century registered 7.3 on the Richter scale (Taiwan Chi-Chi Earthquake). Besides, there are more than 20,000 aftershocks following the Taiwan Chi-Chi Earthquake within 3 months. Thus, the mass concentration of particles with aerodynamic diameters smaller than 2.5 microm (PM2.5) and PM2.5-10 was also collected then compared with the total mass concentration of suspended particles (TSP) in this study. The average TSP, PM2.5-10, and PM2.5 concentrations are 106, 24.6, and 58.0 microg/m3, respectively, after the Taiwan Chi-Chi Earthquake. The average TSP concentrations before and after Taiwan Chi-Chi Earthquake were 69.6 and 127 microg/ m3, respectively. In addition, statistical analysis of the PM10 data from this study and EPA in 1999 yielded a Tstatistic of 0.147, which is smaller than t(0.975,18) = 2.101. It is indicated that there was no significant difference. So, the PM10 concentrations measured after Taiwan Chi-Chi Earthquake in this study were also greater than those data previously obtained from Taiwan EPA in the same region of this area. The relationships between TSP, PM10, PM2.5-10, and PM2.5 particle concentrations and wind speed (R2) are .77, .59, .58, .58, respectively. And the ratios of PM2.5/PM25-10, PM2.5/PM10, and PM10/TSP are 221%, 67.2%, 58.0%, respectively. The average ratios of PM2.5/PM2.5-10 and PM2.5/PM10 increase by about 120% and 17%. It indicated that the fine-particles concentration increases compared to the coarse-particles concentration after 921 Taiwan Chi-Chi Earthquake. And the proposed reasons are that local motor vehicle emissions combined the fine particles transported from the Chi-Chi epicenter. More importantly, the wind direction was mainly blown from southeastern part. These two main factors enhance the fine-particles concentration in this area.     

改性生物炭负载nZVI对土壤Cr(VI)的修复差异研究

考察了生物炭(BC)、酸洗生物炭(HCl-BC)和纳米零价铁负载生物炭(n ZVI-HCl-BC)对土壤中Cr(VI)还原和总Cr形态转化的影响.结果表明,生物炭对Cr(VI)还原率随土壤含水率的升高而显著提高.在较高土壤含水率(70%)条件下,各生物炭对Cr(VI)的最高还原率排序为:HCl-BC(97.26%)n ZVI-HCl-BC(88.36%)BC(87.61%).在不同Cr(VI)污染水平下(150、300、600和900 mg·kg~(-1)),HCl-BC对土壤中Cr(VI)的还原率最高.随Cr(VI)含量升高,BC和HCl-BC对Cr(VI)的还原率呈降低趋势,而n ZVI-HCl-BC对Cr(VI)的还原率为先降低后升高.形态分析表明,生物炭在不同程度上增加了土壤中Cr残渣态的比例:n ZVI-HCl-BC(11.58%)HCl-BC(9.53%)BC(1.42%),表明生物炭对土壤Cr起到稳定作用.综上,改性生物炭显著促进Cr(VI)还原及总Cr向残渣态转化,表明其具有修复Cr污染土壤的潜力.     

Climate adaptation planning in practice: an evaluation of adaptation plans from three developed nations

Formal planning for climate change adaptation is emerging rapidly at a range of geo-political scales. This first generation of adaptation plans provides useful information regarding how institutions are framing the issue of adaptation and the range of processes that are recognized as being part of an adaptation response. To better understand adaptation planning among developed nations, a set of 57 adaptation plans from Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States was evaluated against a suite of 19 planning processes identified from existing guidance instruments for adaptation planning. Total scores among evaluated plans ranged from 16% of the maximum possible score to 61%, with an average of 37%. These results suggest adaptation plans are largely under-developed. Critical weaknesses in adaptation planning are related to limited consideration for non-climatic factors as well as neglect for issues of adaptive capacity including entitlements to various forms of capital needed for effective adaptation. Such gaps in planning suggest there are opportunities for institutions to make better use of existing guidance for adaptation planning and the need to consider the broader governance context in which adaptation will occur. In addition, the adaptation options prescribed by adaptation plans reflect a preferential bias toward low-risk capacity-building (72% of identified options) over the delivery of specific actions to reduce vulnerability. To the extent these findings are representative of the state of developed nation adaptation planning, there appear to be significant deficiencies in climate change preparedness, even among those nations often assumed to have the greatest adaptive capacity.     

煤矸石改性生物炭吸附水体中磷酸盐性能研究

水体中磷的去除对控制水体富营养化具有非常重要的意义.本研究通过以固体废弃物煤矸石和秸秆为原料,制成生物炭复合材料并应用于水溶液中磷酸根的吸附.利用SEM、Zeta电位测量等分析手段对其理化性质进行表征,并对不同的影响因素进行了分析研究以确定最佳的吸附条件.在此基础上,采用不同吸附动力学和吸附等温模型对生物炭的吸附行为和...