关于农村生活污水排放标准的思考

目前,中国尚未制定专门的农村生活污水排放标准,影响了农村水污染防治工作的顺利开展,制约了农村水环境的改善.制定农村生活污水排放标准的关键是确定污染物排放限值,在系统研究了国内外废水污染物排放限值的制定思想、依据与技术方法的基础上,提出了基于总量控制制定中国农村生活污水污染物排放限值的基本设想,并结合中国农村生活污水水质水量特点及排放特征,提出了确定农村生活污水污染物排放限值的几点建议.     

人工湿地处理不同废水工艺与植物优化配置研究

从各种废水处理技术类型及其处理效果与经济效益出发,针对近年来人工湿地技术的应用情况,综述了国内外利用人工湿地技术处理生活污水、污染河流和富营养化水体、农村污水和畜牧养殖废水、城市地表径流、工业废水(包括造纸废水、油田废水、矿区废水等)等方面的进展,分析了人工湿地处理不同废水的工艺流程,并对湿地植物优化配置提出了相应建议,旨在为人工湿地处理废水的工程应用提供技术参考.     

Competitive sorption between 17α-ethinyl estradiol and bisphenol A/4-n-nonylphenol by soils

The sorption of 17α-ethinyl estradiol(EE2),bisphenol A(BPA),and 4-n-nonylphenol(NP) in single systems and the sorption of EE2 with different initial aqueous concentrations of BPA or NP were examined using three soils.Results showed that all sorption isotherms were nonlinear and fit the Freundlich model.The degree of nonlinearity was in the order BPA(0.537-0.686) > EE2(0.705-0.858) > NP(0.875-0.0.951) in single systems.The isotherm linearity index of EE2 sorption calculated by the Freundlich model for Loam,Silt Loam and Silt increased from 0.758,0.705 and 0.858,to 0.889,0.910 and 0.969,respectively,when BPA concentration increased from 0 to 1000 μg/L,but the effect of NP was comparably minimal.Additionally,EE2 significantly suppressed the sorption of BPA,but insignificantly suppressed that of NP.These findings can be attributed to the difference of sorption affinity of EE2,NP and BPA on the hard carbon(e.g.,black carbon) of soil organic matter that dominated the sorption in the low equilibrium aqueous concentration range of endocrine-disrupting chemicals(EDCs).Competitive sorption among EDCs presents new challenges for predicting the transport and fate of EDCs under the influence of co-solutes.     

滁州市震害预测项目中地图数据处理方法研究

本文以滁州市震害预测项目为例,介绍了将DWG格式数据转换成SHAPE格式数据的方法和整个数据处理流程。总结了在数据处理过程中摸索出的数据错误检查和修改方法。     

基于固定式雷达组网的溢油监测技术研究

介绍了组网式雷达溢油监测系统研发思路,构建了以组网式技术为支撑的新时期海上固定式雷达溢油监测技术.     

一起焦炭塔自动顶盖机泄漏着火事故分析

针对一起焦炭塔自动顶盖机泄漏着火事故,开展了现场设备检查、中控室工艺操作状况核查、监控视频调阅、相关人员讯问,以及及液压螺栓锁环行程和相关部件受力状况核算综合分析结果表明:除焦人员关闭事故焦炭塔自动顶盖机时,液压螺栓锁环未锁到位的失误操作是事故发生的直接原因;而部分液压螺栓升降失是,调节不当,在关盖操作中,伸出长度不够,致使锁环不能完全进入卡糟内,导致液压螺栓头部棱边挤压到锁环孔角,阻碍了锁环锁到位,是事故发生的间接原因.     

乌海市焦炉煤气综合利用技术典型案例分析

介绍目前乌海市在建和已建成的焦化生产企业产能和焦炉煤气综合利用现状,以及当地政府在发展焦化行业的同时开展循环经济、节能减排的工作思路。以当地新建的焦炉煤气制取液化天然气项目为例,论述了该项目焦炉煤气原料保证、液化天然气产能等技术方向及主要工艺流程,对比分析各装置工艺技术路线、主要设备工作原理、设备能力确定的具体方案,讨论评估了焦炉煤气制液化天然气项目各装置采用的技术优势及项目实施后带来的环境、经济和社会效果。     

Seasonal and diurnal variations of atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate, peroxypropionyl nitrate, and carbon tetrachloride in Beijing

Atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate(PAN), peroxypropionyl nitrate(PPN), and carbon tetrachloride(CCl4) were measured from September 2010 to August 2011 in Beijing. PAN exhibited low values from mid-autumn to early spring(October to March) with monthly average concentrations ranging from 0.28 to 0.73 ppbV, and increased from early spring to summer(March to August), ranging from 1.37–3.79 ppbV. The monthly variation of PPN was similar to PAN, with low values(below detection limit to 0.18 ppbV) from mid-autumn to early spring, and a monthly maximum in September(1.14 ppbV). The monthly variation of CCl4was tightly related to the variation of temperature, exhibiting a minimum in winter(69.3 pptV) and a maximum of 180.6 pptV in summer. Due to weak solar intensity and short duration, PAN and O3showed no distinct diurnal patterns from morning to night during winter, whereas for other seasons, they both exhibited maximal values in the late afternoon(ca. 15:00 to 16:00 local time) and minimal values during early morning and midnight. Good linear correlations between PAN and PPN were found in autumn(R = 0.91), spring(R = 0.94), and summer(R = 0.81), with slopes of 0.130, 0.222, and 0.133, respectively, suggesting that anthropogenic hydrocarbons dominated the photochemical formation of PANs in Beijing. Positive correlation between PAN and O3 in summer with the low slopes( O3 / PAN) ranging from 9.92 to 18.0 indicated serious air pollution in Beijing, and strong negative correlation in winter reflected strong O3consumption by NO titration and less thermal decompositin of PAN.     

Compositions and sources of organic acids in fine particles (PM2.5) over the Pearl River Delta region, south China

Organic acids as important constituents of organic aerosols not only influence the aerosols' hygroscopic property, but also enhance the formation of new particles and secondary organic aerosols. This study reported organic acids including C14–C32fatty acids, C4–C9dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids in PM2.5collected during winter 2009 at six typical urban, suburban and rural sites in the Pearl River Delta region. Averaged concentrations of C14–C32fatty acids, aromatic acids and C4– C9 dicarboxylic acids were 157, 72.5 and 50.7 ng/m3, respectively. They totally accounted for 1.7% of measured organic carbon. C20–C32fatty acids mainly deriving from higher plant wax showed the highest concentration at the upwind rural site with more vegetation around, while C14–C18fatty acids were more abundant at urban and suburban sites, and dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids except 1,4-phthalic acid peaked at the downwind rural site. Succinic and azelaic acid were the most abundant among C4–C9dicarboxylic acids, and 1,2-phthalic and 1,4-phthalic acid were dominant aromatic acids. Dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids exhibited significant mutual correlations except for 1,4-phthalic acid, which was probably primarily emitted from combustion of solid wastes containing polyethylene terephthalate plastics. Spatial patterns and correlations with typical source tracers suggested that C14–C32fatty acids were mainly primary while dicarboxylic and aromatic acids were largely secondary. Principal component analysis resolved six sources including biomass burning, natural higher plant wax, two mixed anthropogenic and two secondary sources; further multiple linear regression revealed their contributions to individual organic acids. It turned out that more than 70% of C14–C18fatty acids were attributed to anthropogenic sources, about 50%–85% of the C20–C32fatty acids were attributed to natural sources, 80%–95% of dicarboxylic acids and 1,2-phthalic acid were secondary in contrast with that 81% of 1,4-phthalic acid was primary.     

Removal of phosphate from wastewater using alkaline residue

Alkaline residue(AR) was found to be an efficient adsorbent for phosphate removal from wastewater. The kinetic and equilibrium of phosphate removal were investigated to evaluate the performance of modified alkaline residue. After treatment by NaOH(AR-NaOH), removal performance was significantly improved, while removal performance was almost completely lost after treatment by HCl(AR-HCl). The kinetics of the removal process by all adsorbents was well characterized by the pseudo second-order model. The Langmuir model exhibited the best correlation for AR-HCl, while AR was effectively described by Freundlich model. Both models were well fitted to AR-NaOH. The maximum adsorption capacities calculated from Langmuir equation were in following manner: AR-NaOH AR AR-HCl. Phosphate removal by alkaline residue was pH dependent process. Mechanisms for phosphate removal mainly involved adsorption and precipitation, varied with equilibrium pH of solution. For AR-HCl, the acid equilibrium pH( 6.0) was unfavorable for the formation of Ca-P precipitate, with adsorption as the key mechanism for phosphate removal. In contrast, for AR and ARNaOH, precipitation was the dominant mechanism for phosphate removal, due to the incrase on pH( 8.0) after phosphate removal. The results of both XRD and SEM analysis confirmed CaHPO4·2H2O formation after phosphate removal by AR and AR-NaOH.