Utilizing transparent and conductive SnO2 as electron mediator to enhance the photocatalytic performance of Z-scheme Si-SnO2-TiOx

• A novel Z-scheme Si-SnO₂-TiO_x with SnO₂ as electron mediator is first constructed. • Transparent and conductive SnO₂ can pass light through and promote charge transport. • V_O from SnO₂ and TiO_x improve photoelectrochemical performances. • Efficient photocatalytic degradations originate from the Z scheme construction. Z-scheme photocatalysts, with strong redox ability, have a great potential for pollutants degradation. However, it is challenging to construct efficient Z-scheme photocatalysts because of their poor interfacial charge separation. Herein, by employing transparent and conductive SnO₂ as electron mediator to pass light through and promote interfacial charge transportation, a novel Z-scheme photocatalyst Si-SnO₂-TiO_{x (1<x<2)} was constructed. The Z-scheme photocatalyst displayed an order of magnitude higher photocurrent density and a 4-fold increase in open-circuit potential compared to those of Si. Moreover, the onset potential shifted negatively for approximately 2.2 V. Benefiting from these advantages, this Z-scheme Si-SnO₂-TiO_x exhibited efficient photocatalytic performance toward phenol degradation and mineralization. 75% of the phenol was degraded without bias potential and 70% of the TOC was removed during phenol degradation. Other typical pollutants such as bisphenol A and atrazine could also be degraded without bias potential. Introducing a transparent and conductive electron mediator to construct Z-scheme photocatalyst gives a new sight to the improvement of photocatalytic performance in Z scheme.     

频率域电磁感应技术在场地全覆盖污染快速筛查中的应用

针对上海典型化工企业场地(A)和金属制品企业场地(B),运用低成本的频率域电磁感应技术(FDEMI)进行全覆盖扫描探测,依据地层视电导率(ECa)空间分布特征,快速定位土壤/地下水疑似污染区,并合理布置钻孔取样点位。取样测试分析结果显示,土壤/地下水实际污染空间分布与地层ECa值平面分布高度一致。综合FDEMI全覆盖扫描和钻孔取样分析结果,采取"点面结合"方式对全场进行风险分级分区,确定了场地A的西北部及中部存在TPH、氯代芳烃、苯系物和重金属Mn的复合污染区,占全场总面积的28%;场地B的中部为重金属(Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn)重度污染区,占全场总面积的23%。土壤/地下水中重金属线性电导特性、污染物质极性、有机物自然降解过程中的离子释放现象等可能是引起地层ECa值空间变化的主要影响因素。     

渗透汽化复合膜分离废水中的低浓度甲醇

采用两种商品化渗透汽化复合膜--GKSS-GS膜和PDMS-P膜分离模拟低浓度甲醇废水,考察了操作温度、甲醇质量分数、废水流量对膜渗透汽化性能的影响.实验结果表明:随温度升高、废水中甲醇质量分数的增大,两种膜的渗透通量都呈增加趋势;GKSS-GS膜的分离系数变化较明显,而PDMS-P膜的分离系数变化较小;废水流量对渗透通量和分离系数的影响均较小.在最佳条件下,GKSS-GS膜的渗透通量为914.6 g/(m~2·h),分离系数为5.6;PDMS-P膜的渗透通量为1 887.2 g/(m~2·h),分离系数为4.8.     

生物淋滤-Fenton对印染污泥脱水性能的影响

采用嗜酸性硫杆菌生物淋滤联合Fenton氧化法对印染污泥脱水性能进行了研究。结果表明,生物淋滤过程中pH下降速率随着硫粉添加量增加而变快,经生物淋滤处理后污泥的脱水性能在一定程度上得到了改善。对生物淋滤后的污泥进行了Fenton氧化处理,获得的最佳反应条件为反应时间2 h,H2O2和Fe2+添加量分别为6 g/L和0.5 g/L。在该条件下,污泥上清液中总有机碳(TOC)由20.8 mg/L增加到356.6 mg/L;污泥比阻(SRF)和滤饼含水率分别由5.98×1011s2/g和88.75%减少至1.26×1011s2/g和82.85%。生物淋滤-Fenton氧化法在污泥破解程度和脱水性能改善方面均优于单独Fenton氧化法。     

生物淋滤-Fenton对印染污泥脱水性能的影响

采用嗜酸性硫杆菌生物淋滤联合Fenton氧化法对印染污泥脱水性能进行了研究。结果表明,生物淋滤过程中pH下降速率随着硫粉添加量增加而变快,经生物淋滤处理后污泥的脱水性能在一定程度上得到了改善。对生物淋滤后的污泥进行了Fenton氧化处理,获得的最佳反应条件为反应时间2h,H2O2和Fe2＋添加量分别为6g／L和0．5g／L。在该条件下,污泥上清液中总有机碳（TOC）由20．8mg／L增加到356．6mg／L;污泥比阻（SRF）和滤饼含水率分别由5．98×10^11s2／g和88．75％减少至1．26×10^11 S2／g和82．85％。生物淋滤-Fenton氧化法在污泥破解程度和脱水性能改善方面均优于单独Fenton氧化法。     

制药废水的厌氧生化性评价及UASB处理

为了处理山东某一药厂的高浓度有机废水,首先采用间歇式实验对山东某一制药厂各主要车间生产废水及综合废水进行厌氧可生化性评价。然后以此为基础,采用两级中温UASB,以某一时期排放的厂区综合废水为处理对象,通过缩短HRT,考察在COD容积负荷的逐步升高下,反应器处理效果的变化。进水COD稀释至10 000 mg/L左右,p H维持在6.8到7.1。在单级UASB最大工程设计容积负荷6 g COD/(L·d)的条件下,经过两级UASB的串联处理,总COD的去除率能达73.5%,出水COD能基本稳定在2 600 mg/L。在这个系统运行时期,产气稳定,出水p H值稳定在7.4到8.0之间,VFA在500 mg/L以下。实验结果表明,两级UASB处理该制药厂废水是可行的。     

Spatial heterogeneity of stream environmental conditions and macroinvertebrates community in an agriculture dominated watershed and management implications for a large river (the Liao River,China) basin

Understanding the effects of watershed land uses (e.g., agriculture, urban industry) on stream ecological conditions is important for the management of large river basins. A total of 41 and 56 stream sites (from first to fourth order) that were under a gradient of watershed land uses were monitored in 2009 and 2010, respectively, in the Liao River Basin, Northeast China. The monitoring results showed that a total of 192 taxa belonging to four phyla, seven classes, 21 orders and 91 families were identified. The composition of macroinvertebrate community in the Liao River Basin was dominated by aquatic insect taxa (Ephemeroptera and Diptera), Oligochaeta and Molluscs. The functional feeding group GC (Gatherer/Collector) was dominant in the whole basin. Statistical results showed that sites with less watershed impacts (lower order sites) were characterized by higher current velocity and habitat score, more sensitive taxa (e.g., Ephemeroptera), and the substrate was dominated by high percentage of cobble and pebble. The sites with more impacts from agriculture and urban industry (higher order sites) were characterized by higher biochemical (BOD₅) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), more tolerant taxa (e.g., Chironominae), and the substrate was dominated by silt and sand. Agriculture and urban-industry activities have reduced habitat condition, increased organic pollutants, reduced macroinvertebrate abundance, diversity, and sensitive taxa in streams of the lower Liao River Basin. Restoration of degraded habitat condition and control of watershed organic pollutants could be potential management priorities for the Basin.     

Eutrophication assessment and management methodology of multiple pollution sources of a landscape lake in North China

Landscape lakes in the city suffer high eutrophication risk because of their special characters and functions in the water circulation system. Using a landscape lake HMLA located in Tianjin City, North China, with a mixture of point source (PS) pollution and non-point source (NPS) pollution, we explored the methodology of Fluent and AQUATOX to simulate and predict the state of HMLA, and trophic index was used to assess the eutrophication state. Then, we use water compensation optimization and three scenarios to determine the optimal management methodology. Three scenarios include ecological restoration scenario, best management practices (BMPs) scenario, and a scenario combining both. Our results suggest that the maintenance of a healthy ecosystem with ecoremediation is necessary and the BMPs have a far-reaching effect on water reusing and NPS pollution control. This study has implications for eutrophication control and management under development for urbanization in China.     

Identification of rice cultivar with exclusive characteristic to Cd using a field-polluted soil and its foreground application

Using low-accumulative plant, especially excluder crop, to safely produce food is one of the very important technologies of phytoremediation, which is practical to safe production and long-term remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil. A pot experiment using field cadmium (Cd)-contaminated soil (Cd concentration was 0.75 mg?kg^?1) was conducted to compare Cd accumulation differences among 39 normal rice cultivars (Japonica) in Shenyang region of China for food safety and high grain yield aim. The results showed that brown grain Cd concentration in 12 rice cultivars of a total of 39 tested cultivars was lower than 0.2 mg?kg^?1 (Agricultural Trade Standard of Nonpollution Food for Rice of China, NY 5115–2008). In these 12 cultivars, Cd enrichment factors (Cd concentration ratio in shoot to that in soil) of nine cultivars were lower than 1. Likewise, Cd translocation factors (Cd concentration ratio in shoot to that in root) of eight cultivars were lower than the 0.28 average. Furthermore, grain yield per pot of seven cultivars were higher than the average 18.4 g?pot^?1. Four cultivars, i.e., Shendao 5, Tianfu 1, Fuhe 90, and Yanfeng 47 showed Cd-exclusive characteristic and better foreground application.     

Synthesis of α-Fe2O3 nanofibers for applications in removal and recovery of Cr(VI) from wastewater

Purpose

Nanomaterials such as iron oxides and ferrites have been intensively investigated for water treatment and environmental remediation applications. The purpose of this work is to synthesize α-Fe₂O₃ nanofibers for potential applications in removal and recovery of noxious Cr(VI) from wastewater.

Methods

α-Fe₂O₃ nanofibers were synthesized via a simple hydrothermal route followed by calcination. The crystallographic structure and the morphology of the as-prepared α-Fe₂O₃ nanofibers were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted, and Fourier transform infrared spectra were recorded before and after adsorption to investigate the Cr(VI) removal performance and adsorption mechanism. Langmuir and Freundlich modes were employed to analyze the adsorption behavior of Cr(VI) on the α-Fe₂O₃ nanofibers.

Results

Very thin and porous α-Fe₂O₃ nanofibers have been successfully synthesized for investigation of Cr(VI) removal capability from synthetic wastewater. Batch experiments revealed that the as-prepared α-Fe₂O₃ nanofibers exhibited excellent Cr(VI) removal performance with a maximum adsorption capacity of 16.17 mg g^?1. Furthermore, the adsorption capacity almost kept unchanged after recycling and reusing. The Cr(VI) adsorption process was found to follow the pseudo-second-order kinetics model, and the corresponding thermodynamic parameters ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS° at 298 K were calculated to be ?26.60 kJ?mol^?1, ?3.32 kJ?mol^?1, and 78.12 J?mol^?1 K^?1, respectively.

Conclusions

The as-prepared α-Fe₂O₃ nanofibers can be utilized as efficient low-cost nano-absorbents for removal and recovery of Cr(VI) from wastewater.