流域总量控制下赣江流域控制单元划分技术

作为“控制单元的总量控制技术”的关键环节,控制单元的概念、内涵及划分方法一直存在较大分歧,其重要性没有得到应有的体现. 在分析欧美控制单元的基础上,提出了控制单元的概念(基于“控制单元的总量控制技术”的理念,为实现水环境容量总量的计算、分配和管理等目标,综合考虑水文、水环境、水生态和水体使用功能等因素而人为划分的水质目标管理单元),并阐述了其内涵. 基于GIS技术,采用多指标空间叠加分析和专家判断方法,提出了不同尺度流域的控制单元的划分原则、指标体系及技术路线,并以赣江和锦江流域为例进行了控制单元的划分,赣江流域划分为17个1级控制单元、57个2级控制单元;锦江流域划分为4个控制单元. 对锦江流域开展了非点源参与下动态水环境容量计算及控制单元总量动态分配,丰水期COD_Mn和NH₄+-N水环境容量分别占研究区年总容量的63.4%和60.6%. 假设总量利用率为70%,将控制单元的分配结果作为SWAT(soil and water assessment tool)模型的点源输入,验证控制单元划分方案的可行性,模拟结果显示,良田和均车断面的ρ(NH₄+-N)均满足GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类水质标准的要求,说明划分方案可行.      

上海市不同类型道路灰尘铂族元素（PGEs）空间分布特征

车辆行驶特征对PGEs排放影响很大,而不同类型道路,其车辆行驶特征会有很大差别。基于此,对上海市5条不同类型的道路进行灰尘PGEs空间分布规律的探讨。灰尘样品用王水消解制样,ICP-MS测定。结果表明：道路灰尘Rh、Pd、Pt的平均含量在主干道为24.50、96.40、29.04 ng·g-1,次干道为23.18、76.92、37.21 ng·g-1,快速路为41.73、188.05、57.21 ng·g-1,郊区高速公路为13.35、63.34、18.01 ng·g-1,郊区公路为7.49、22.76、0.97 ng·g-1,除次干道Pt含量高于主干道外,5种类型道路的PGEs含量均表现为：快速路﹥主干道﹥次干道﹥郊区高速公路﹥郊区公路,郊区高速公路及郊区公路虽然车流量大,但PGEs含量并不高,车流中许多车辆因未安装VECs而不排放PGEs是主要原因。如以1.5-1.6 km道路（两端为路口）为长度单位,主干道、次干道及快速路灰尘PGEs的分布呈波浪型;郊区公路灰尘PGEs的分布呈半圆弧型;郊区高速公路（仅有一端为收费口）灰尘PGEs分布呈先高后低再趋于平稳的折线型,车辆行驶特征的差异是造成不同类型道路灰尘PGEs分布模式差异的主要原因。郊区高速公路及郊区公路的路口（或收费口）,PGEs含量往往很高;而主干道、次干道及快速路的路口,PGEs含量不一定很高,频繁的怠速和加减速使得上述三种道路远离路口的地方也常出现怠速是主要原因。     

Spatial systems approach to sustainable development: A conceptual framework

Even though “sustainable development” seems to have emerged as the development paradigm of the 1990s, a great deal of vagueness still surrounds the meaning, definition, and theoretical underpinnings of the concept. There is also a general lack of emphasis on the spatial dimension of sustainable development when developing relevant conceptual or environmental accounting frameworks. In clarifying the concept, this article proposes a definition that explicitly incorporates the temporal as well as the spatial dimension of sustainability. It also develops a logically consistent conceptual framework for the analysis and evaluation of sustainable development, following a spatial systems approach. Five interconnected aspatial subsystems or subsets of a spatial system are identified and their respective operational dimensions discussed. A proposed composite index calleddegree of stainable development (DSD) and its five component indicators are also outlined. The difficulties involved in operationalizing the DSD measure and the conceptual framework are noted, and the various tasks that need to be undertaken in this regard are specified. It is concluded that future research utilizing the proposed conceptual framework should not only foster the development of appropriate methodologies for the comparative evaluation of sustainable development at global, national, or regional scales, but also offer insights to appropriate decision makers at various levels regarding available options and alternative actions for the healthy development of their respective societies.     

高碘酸钾氧化中性红测定间苯二酚

在酸性和75℃条件下,微量的间苯二酚对高碘酸钾氧化中性红褪色反应具有显著的抑制作用,据此建立了测定间苯二酚的新的动力学光度法。该方法灵敏、快速、操作简便,此法的线性范围为0．1～3．0μg／mL,检出限为0．082μg／mL,对1．0μg／mL的间苯二酚测定11次的相对标准偏差为2．26％。     

新常态下如何实现环境保护的纳什均衡

从自然资源和生态环境的公共性出发,认为以经济建设为中心的政策选择,促成了以淡视生态环境为前提的均衡策略,让经济发展与环境保护之间形成"坏"的纳什均衡,而新常态能够为经济发展和环境保护之间达成好的纳什均衡提供了改革保障、法制保障和经济保障,因此,新常态下的生态文明建设能够解套环境保护的"囚徒困境",最重要的任务是借助政府这一外力制定新的"游戏规则",以打破原有的"纳什均衡",通过建立健全环境成本内部化的政策措施和生态补偿机制、改革政绩考核机制实现对绿色发展的激励等措施,推进经济发展与环境保护之间达成理想的"纳什均衡"。     

Land Degradation Evaluation in North Hebei Province Based on Remote Sensing and GIS

Abstract

Land degradation is one of the serious environmental problems that can lead to poverty, and is especially prominent in eco-fragile areas in developing countries and increases the risk of environmental safety. North Hebei Province belongs to an ecologically fragile region in North China, which has great impact on the eco-safety of Beijing and Tianjin. Using Landsat TM data and GIS, this paper evaluates land degradation in North Hebei province of China from the the 1960's to 1987 and 2000. Land use/cover change pattern from 1987 to 2000, its regional difference and forest change characteristics will also be analyzed; soil erosion intensity and arable land suitability were also evaluated. Results revealed that land use/cover pattern in this study area did not change greatly from 1987 to 2000. The structure and function of regional land ecosystem was at a level of local improvement and integral deterioration. Land above medium soil erosion intensity reached 21 percent, which was also the area with a serious soil erosion and land degradation problem. Soil erosion and land degradation intensity of grassland was the biggest. For the present arable land, the proportion of high suitability was 13 percent.     

添加剂对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产氢的影响

以表面活性剂与偏硅酸钠的混合物作为添加剂,考察了添加剂的投加量对餐厨垃圾厌氧产氢效果的影响.实验结果表明,添加剂能抑制产甲烷菌的生长,且接种污泥无需预处理即可提高产氢量.另外,随着添加剂投加量的增大.体系中氢气的浓度增大,在5 g(干重)餐厨垃圾投加添加剂为1.75 g时,产氢量为114.5 mL(以每克挥发性固体(VS)计).但从经济和实用两方面考虑,选择最佳添加剂量为1.00 g.     

餐厨垃圾厌氧产氢综述

针对餐厨垃圾厌氧产氢过程,从工艺、单组分底物厌氧产氢和过程机理研究阐述了国内外进展,并对未来研究发展方向进行了展望.研究成果表明,餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产氢过程可行,但影响因素多,系统不稳定,大部分研究停留在实验室小试阶段.尚需针对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产氢优势菌种选育、生态因子调控、代谢机理、反应器改进和系统控制模拟等方面开展研究,为该技术的大规模应用提供研究基础.