施肥后土壤HONO排放特征及排放因子研究

近年发现土壤可以排放亚硝酸（HONO）,对大气氧化性具有潜在的重要影响.施肥能增加土壤含氮气体的排放,通常用排放因子表征气体排放量对化肥的响应关系.但HONO的相关研究尚为空白,制约了对这一新的地气交换机制的环境效应的评估.为此,在珠三角对一块菜地施用3种化肥（复合肥、碳酸氢铵和尿素）,利用动态箱测量施肥前后的HONO排放通量.结果表明,土壤施用3种氮肥后的最大HONO排放通量分别为23.1、19.5和57.4 ng·m-2·s-1,分别是施肥前最大值的3.5、3.2和9.4倍;3种氮肥的HONO排放因子分别为8.60×10-5、1.44×10-4和2.48×10-4;施肥后HONO排放通量呈现白天高夜间低的特征,且与土壤温度、土壤孔隙含水量（WFPS,在低含水量区间）呈正相关关系.证实了施肥对HONO排放具有显著促进作用,通过外场实测获得的3种化肥HONO排放因子,将为编制HONO排放清单等后续研究提供依据.     

掺杂纳米Bi2WO6的水热合成及其光催化性能研究

采用水热法合成了掺杂纳米Bi₂WO₆,以罗丹明B为目标降解物,研究了样品在可见光下的光催化性能。采用XRD测试了合成样品的晶体结构,采用BET法测试了合成样品的比表面积,实验结果表明适当浓度的Pb²⁺、Sr³⁺和Zr⁴⁺离子对纳米Bi2WO6的掺杂均能提高其催化性能,其中掺杂Pb²⁺、Zr⁴⁺更有效,且Pb²⁺在1%掺杂时效果最好,Zr⁴⁺在0.5%掺杂时效果最好。而且,光催化剂在光催化过程中性能稳定,不产生光腐蚀,并具有一定的吸附性能。     

Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of benzene homologues in ambient air in the northeastern urban area of Beijing, China

Ambient benzene homologues were measured at a site in the northeastern urban area of Beijing, China, from August 24 to September 4, 2012 by SUMMA canister sampling followed by laboratory determination using cryogenic cold trap pre-concentration-GC-MS/FID, and their health risks were also assessed. Daily total benzene homologues ranged from 0.99 to 49.71 μg/m3with an average of 11.98 μg/m3. Benzene homologues showed higher concentrations in the morning and evening than that at noontime. Comparison with previous studies revealed a trend of decrease for ambient benzene homologues probably due to the efective emission control in Beijing in recent years. Vehicular exhaust was the main source while volatilization of paints and solvents also made substantial contributions. Health risk assessment showed that BTEX(benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m-xylene and p-xylene) and styrene had no appreciable adverse non-cancer health risks for the exposed population, while benzene has potential cancer risk of 1.34E-05. Available data from cities in China all implied that benzene imposes relatively higher cancer risk on the exposed populations and therefore strict control measures should be taken to further lower ambient benzene levels in China.     

A review of atmospheric benzene homologues in China: Characterization, health risk assessment, source identification and countermeasures

Benzene homologues are important chemical precursors to the formation of ground-level ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in the atmosphere, in addition, some toxic species are harmful to human health. Strict countermeasures have been taken to fight air pollution since 2013, and total amount control of volatile organic compounds is being promoted in China at present. Therefore, it is important to understand the pollution situation and the control status of ambient benzene homologues in China. This paper reviews research progress from published papers on pollution characteristics, atmospheric photochemical reactivity, health risk assessment and source identification of ambient benzene homologues in recent years in China, and also summarizes policies and countermeasures for the control of ambient benzene homologues and the relevant achievements. The total ambient levels of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) shows a declining tendency from 2001 to 2016 in China. The mass concentrations of BTEX are generally higher in southern regions than in northern regions, and they present vertical decreasing variation characteristics with increasing altitude within the height range of about 5500 m. Toluene has the highest ozone formation potential and SOA formation potential both in urban areas and background areas, while benzene poses an obvious carcinogenic risk to the exposed adult populations in urban areas. Source identification of ambient benzene homologues suggested that local governments should adopt differentiated control strategies for ambient benzene homologues. Several recommendations are put forward for future research and policy-making on the control of ambient benzene homologues in China.     

环境激素的种类及危害分析

环境激素（环境荷尔蒙和环境内分泌）干扰物质是一类具有高稳定性、难生物降解的持久性有机化合物,因其引起的环境污染问题受到广泛关注。本文系统地分析了环境激素类干扰物质的来源、种类及与生物体作用机制,并讨论了它们进入人体的途径以及对生物和人类的危害,通过调查国内环境激素污染问题,指出环境激素污染存在的广泛性,需要引起政府部门高度重视,进一步加强防治环境激素污染工作力度。     

三峡库区香溪河流域非点源氮磷负荷分布规律研究

三峡水库蓄水后,水动力条件改变,营养盐不断累积,导致库区部分支流库湾水华现象及水体富营养化问题严重.本文以香溪河支流为研究区,以氮磷为研究对象,应用SWAT模型进行不同时空尺度非点源氮磷分布式模拟和分析.结果表明:径流和营养盐负荷受降雨影响并与其呈正相关关系,丰水年总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)负荷分别为3.48×103t和0.40×103t,枯水年分别为2.04×103t和0.23×103t,在4—9月丰水期,TN和TP贡献率分别为84.1%和89.4%;TN和TP负荷强度空间差异较大,差异系数分别为0.34和0.58,TN最大值和最小值分别为29.39 kg·hm-2·a-1和3.86 kg·hm-2·a-1,TP最大值和最小值分别为4.900 kg·hm-2·a-1和0.535 kg·hm-2·a-1;TN以硝氮(NO-3-N)为主,TP以矿物磷(MIN-P)为主,TN与TP的相关系数r为0.9258,TP与MIN-P的相关系数r为0.8596,有机氮(ORG-N)与有机磷(ORG-P)的相关系数r为0.9839,氨氮(NH+4-N)与亚硝氮(NO-2-N)的相关系数r为0.9723;污染控制的重点支流是高岚河流域和古夫流域,尤其是耕地面积比例较大的水月寺,黄粮、榛子、古夫4个乡镇,以及库湾周边的七里溪.     

碳源和氮源对异养硝化好氧反硝化菌株Y1脱氮性能的影响

从焦化废水活性污泥中筛选到一株高效脱氮细菌,命名为Acinetobacter sp.Y1.本实验对菌株Y1在不同碳源、氮源、碳氮比及底物浓度下的脱氮特性进行了研究,结果表明,菌株Y1可以利用氨氮、亚硝氮和硝氮生长,不能利用羟胺;以氨氮为唯一氮源进行硝化作用时,柠檬酸钠和乙酸钠是最佳碳源,最佳碳氮比为15,菌株Y1可降解高浓度氨氮,在36h内将400 mg·L-1氨氮全部去除,1600 mg·L-1氨氮的去除率可达21.3％,最大降解速率随着初始氨氮浓度的升高而增大.以硝氮或亚硝氮为唯一氮源进行反硝化时,菌株Y1可以适应高浓度氮源但不能完全去除氮源,当碳氮比为20,经36h培养硝氮和亚硝氮的去除率均达到100％.     

石墨烯气凝胶强化氯霉素废水厌氧生物处理效能及机制研究

针对高浓度氯霉素（CAP）废水在实际厌氧生物处理过程中难降解、毒性大及对活性污泥产生的抑制问题,本文采用三维石墨烯气凝胶（GA）作为外源强化介质,通过批次试验探究了不同初始石墨烯气凝胶浓度、电子供体（蔗糖）浓度以及氯霉素浓度对氯霉素废水厌氧降解过程中氯霉素去除速率、有机物去除率以及甲烷产量等影响.结果表明：当初始石墨烯气凝胶浓度为0.5 g·L^-1、初始电子供体浓度为8.8 mmol·L^-1、初始氯霉素浓度为50 mg·L^-1时,强化效果最为显著,当反应进行到18 h时,强化系统中氯霉素的去除率达到94%以上,COD的去除率稳定在26.6%~35.6%之间,强化系统比只加入污泥的生物系统氯霉素去除速率增加了48%~51.6%,COD去除率增加了10%左右.石墨烯气凝胶作为电子转移中间介体和微生物富集的载体,促进微生物种间进行直接电子转移,加速氯霉素的脱氯过程和甲烷的产生,为高浓度抗生素废水的厌氧生物处理提供了新的处理思路和参考.     

Reactor characterization and primary application of a state of art dual-reactor chamber in the investigation of atmospheric photochemical processes

Increasing attention has been paid to the air pollution more recently. Smog chamber has been proved as a necessary and effective tool to study atmospheric processes, including photochemical smog and haze formation. A novel smog chamber was designed to study the atmospheric photochemical reaction mechanism of typical volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as well as the aging of aerosols. The smog chamber system includes an enclosure equipped with black lights as the light source, two parallel reactors (2 m³ of each) with separate control of light source and temperature, with a series of coupled instruments for online monitoring of gas phase and particle phase reactants and products. Chamber characterization, including air source stability, effective light intensity, temperature stability, as well as gas phase and particle phase wall losses, were carried out before further research. The results showed that our smog chamber systems developed by other domestic and international groups. It was also observed that the wall loss of aromatic VOCs varied with different functional groups as well as the isomerism. The results of preliminary simulation experiment from styrene-NO_x demonstrated that the chamber can be well utilized to simulate gas-particle conversion progresses in the atmosphere.     

美人蕉对西安护城河水体净化功能的初步研究

以西安护城河污染较严重的北门段水体为研究对象,利用浮床技术种植美人蕉净化重污染水体。研究表明,美人蕉对西安护城河北门段河水TN、TP、COD、NH3-N等的去除率分别为77.4%、89%、93%、97%;这为利用美人蕉浮床系统对西安市护城河水体修复提供了科学依据。